SEC Filing | Outbrain Inc.

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)


☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ___ to ___

Commission file number 001-40643

Outbrain Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware									20-5391629
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)									(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)


111 West 19th Street,	New York,	NY	10011
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (646) 867-0149

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Common stock, par value $0.001 per share

The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No x

As of July 31, 2023, Outbrain Inc. had 50,972,793 shares of common stock outstanding.

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS


		Page
Part I - Financial Information
Item 1.	Financial Statements	4
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss )	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity	7
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	8
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	10
Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	24
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	42
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	43
Part II - Other Information
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	43
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	43
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	43
Item 5.	Other Information	44
Item 6.	Exhibits	45
Signatures		46

Table of Contents

Note About Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Report”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws, which statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements may include, without limitation, statements generally relating to possible or assumed future results of our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, plans and objectives. You can generally identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “could,” “intends,” “target,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “foresee,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans or intentions or are not statements of historical fact. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our expectations and projections regarding future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. The outcome of the events described in these forward-looking statements is subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors including, but not limited to:

•overall advertising demand and traffic generated by our media partners;

•factors that affect advertising demand and spending, such as the continuation or worsening of unfavorable economic or business conditions or downturns, instability or volatility in financial markets, and other events or factors outside of our control, such as U.S. and global recession concerns, geopolitical concerns, including the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, supply chain issues, inflationary pressures, labor market volatility, bank closures or disruptions, the pace of recovery or any resurgences of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the impact of unfavorable economic conditions and other factors that have and may further impact advertisers’ ability to pay;

•our ability to continue to innovate, and adoption by our advertisers and media partners of our expanding solutions;

•the success of our sales and marketing investments, which may require significant investments and may involve long sales cycles;

•our ability to grow our business and manage growth effectively;

•our ability to compete effectively against current and future competitors;

•the loss of one or more of our large media partners, and our ability to expand our advertiser and media partner relationships;

•our ability to maintain our revenues or profitability despite quarterly fluctuations in our results, whether due to seasonality, large cyclical events, or other causes;

•the risk that our research and development efforts may not meet the demands of a rapidly evolving technology market;

•any failure of our recommendation engine to accurately predict user engagement, any deterioration in the quality of our recommendations or failure to present interesting content to users or other factors which may cause us to experience a decline in user engagement or loss of media partners;

•limits on our ability to collect, use and disclose data to deliver advertisements;

•our ability to extend our reach into evolving digital media platforms;

•our ability to maintain and scale our technology platform;

•our ability to meet demands on our infrastructure and resources due to future growth or otherwise;

•outages or disruptions that impact us or our service providers, resulting from cyber incidents, or failures or loss of our infrastructure, which could adversely affect our business;

•significant fluctuations in currency exchange rates;

•political and regulatory risks in the various markets in which we operate;

•the challenges of compliance with differing and changing regulatory requirements;

•the timing and execution of, and the expected benefits from, our cost-saving measures, including our workforce reduction; any changes in management’s plans, assumptions, estimates and projections with respect to our cost-savings measures; the impact of the cost-saving measures, including the workforce reduction, on our business or strategy; and

•the risks described in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed for the year ended December 31, 2022 and elsewhere in this Report.

Accordingly, you should not rely upon forward-looking statements as an indication of future performance. We cannot assure you that the results, events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or will occur, and actual results, events, or circumstances could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements made in this Report relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation and do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or circumstances after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events or otherwise, except as required by law.

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Part I Financial Information

Item 1. Financial Statements

OUTBRAIN INC.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except for number of shares and par value)


	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(Unaudited)
ASSETS:
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	59,802	$	105,580
Short-term investments in marketable securities	113,168		166,905
Accounts receivable, net of allowances	168,879		181,258
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	47,336		46,761
Total current assets	389,185		500,504
Non-current assets:
Long-term investments in marketable securities	44,828		78,761
Property, equipment and capitalized software, net	42,092		39,890
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net	13,701		11,065
Intangible assets, net	22,116		24,574
Goodwill	63,063		63,063
Deferred tax assets	34,831		35,735
Other assets	23,790		27,556
TOTAL ASSETS	$	633,606	$	781,148

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
Current Liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	140,918	$	147,653
Accrued compensation and benefits	16,871		19,662
Accrued and other current liabilities	102,782		126,092
Deferred revenue	6,607		6,698
Total current liabilities	267,178		300,105
Non-current liabilities:
Long-term debt	118,000		236,000
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	10,967		8,445
Other liabilities	17,242		18,812
TOTAL LIABILITIES	$	413,387	$	563,362

Commitments and Contingencies (Note 12)

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
Common stock, par value of $0.001 per share − one billion shares authorized, 60,856,628 shares issued and 51,305,013 shares outstanding as of June 30, 2023; one billion shares authorized, 60,175,020 shares issued and 52,226,745 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2022.	61		60
Preferred stock, par value of $0.001 per share − 100,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022	—		—
Additional paid-in capital	462,209		455,831
Treasury stock, at cost − 9,551,615 shares as of June 30, 2023 and 7,948,275 shares as of December 31, 2022	(56,700)		(49,168)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(12,004)		(9,913)
Accumulated deficit	(173,347)		(179,024)
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	220,219		217,786
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	633,606	$	781,148

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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OUTBRAIN INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(In thousands, except for share and per share data)

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Revenue	$	225,800	$	250,883	$	457,574	$	505,099
Cost of revenue:
Traffic acquisition costs	171,224		191,554		350,800		382,250
Other cost of revenue	10,555		10,610		21,598		20,199
Total cost of revenue	181,779		202,164		372,398		402,449
Gross profit	44,021		48,719		85,176		102,650
Operating expenses:
Research and development	10,041		10,519		19,352		20,947
Sales and marketing	25,896		28,122		51,644		55,517
General and administrative	15,743		12,957		31,149		28,991
Total operating expenses	51,680		51,598		102,145		105,455
Loss from operations	(7,659)		(2,879)		(16,969)		(2,805)
Other income (expense), net:
Gain on repurchase of convertible debt	22,594		—		22,594		—
Interest expense	(1,105)		(1,953)		(2,972)		(3,824)
Interest income and other income (expense), net	1,515		(3,828)		5,375		(4,909)
Total other income (expense), net	23,004		(5,781)		24,997		(8,733)
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes	15,345		(8,660)		8,028		(11,538)
Provision for income taxes	4,063		1,658		2,351		670
Net income (loss)	$	11,282	$	(10,318)	$	5,677	$	(12,208)

Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic	51,223,988		57,590,308		51,329,055		57,414,636
Diluted	56,678,916		57,590,308		51,387,151		57,414,636

Net income (loss) per common share:
Basic	$	0.22	$	(0.18)	$	0.11	$	(0.21)
Diluted	$	0.21	$	(0.18)	$	0.11	$	(0.21)

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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OUTBRAIN INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Net income (loss)	$	11,282	$	(10,318)	$	5,677	$	(12,208)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(1,441)		(1,996)		(2,661)		(2,737)
Unrealized gains on available-for-sale investments in debt securities (net of tax of $45 and $168 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023)	150		—		570		—
Total other comprehensive loss	(1,291)		(1,996)		(2,091)		(2,737)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	9,991	$	(12,314)	$	3,586	$	(14,945)

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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OUTBRAIN INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(In thousands, except for number of shares)

(Unaudited)


	Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital			Treasury Stock			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Accumulated Deficit		Total Stockholders’ Equity
		Shares			Amount			Shares			Amount
Balance – January 1, 2023		60,175,020	$	60		$	455,831	(7,948,275)	$	(49,168)		$	(9,913)	$	(179,024)	$	217,786
Vesting of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for taxes		281,469	—			—		(48,202)	(213)			—		—		(213)
Shares repurchased under the share repurchase program		—	—			—		(1,313,073)	(6,142)			—		—		(6,142)
Stock-based compensation		—	—			2,895		—	—			—		—		2,895
Other comprehensive loss		—	—			—		—	—			(800)		—		(800)
Net loss		—	—			—		—	—			—		(5,605)		(5,605)
Balance – March 31, 2023		60,456,489	$	60		$	458,726	(9,309,550)	$	(55,523)		$	(10,713)	$	(184,629)	$	207,921
Vesting of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for taxes		400,139	1			(1)		(42,065)	(189)			—		—		(189)
Shares repurchased under the share repurchase program		—	—			—		(200,000)	(988)			—		—		(988)
Stock-based compensation		—	—			3,484		—	—			—		—		3,484
Other comprehensive loss		—	—			—		—	—			(1,291)		—		(1,291)
Net income		—	—			—		—	—			—		11,282		11,282
Balance – June 30, 2023		60,856,628	$	61		$	462,209	(9,551,615)	$	(56,700)		$	(12,004)	$	(173,347)	$	220,219


	Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital			Treasury Stock			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Accumulated Deficit		Total Stockholders’ Equity
		Shares			Amount			Shares			Amount
Balance – January 1, 2022		58,015,075	$	58		$	434,945	(1,313,681)	$	(16,504)		$	(4,474)	$	(157,250)	$	256,775


Exercise of employee stock options, warrants and restricted stock awards, net of shares withheld for taxes		411,855	1			2,273		(95,138)	(1,425)			—		—		849
Vesting of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for taxes		211,713	—			—		(22,499)	(293)			—		—		(293)
Acquisition stock consideration		355,786	—			4,190		—	—			—		—		4,190
Stock-based compensation		—	—			2,810		—				—		—		2,810
Other comprehensive loss		—	—			—		—	—			(741)		—		(741)
Net loss		—	—			—		—	—			—		(1,890)		(1,890)
Balance – March 31, 2022		58,994,429	$	59		$	444,218	(1,431,318)	$	(18,222)		$	(5,215)	$	(159,140)	$	261,700
Exercise of stock options, net of shares withheld for taxes		284,130	—			1,479		—	—			—		—		1,479
Vesting of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for taxes		264,098	1			(1)		(38,864)	(353)			—		—		(353)
Shares repurchased under the share repurchase program		—	—			—		(1,388,317)	(7,501)			—		—		(7,501)
Stock-based compensation		—	—			3,586		—	—			—		—		3,586
Other comprehensive loss		—	—			—		—	—			(1,996)		—		(1,996)
Net loss		—	—			—		—	—			—		(10,318)		(10,318)
Balance – June 30, 2022		59,542,657	$	60		$	449,282	(2,858,499)	$	(26,076)		$	(7,211)	$	(169,458)	$	246,597

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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OUTBRAIN INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income (loss)	$	5,677	$	(12,208)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operating activities:
Gain on repurchase of convertible debt	(22,594)		—
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment	3,458		5,160
Amortization of capitalized software development costs	4,909		4,711
Amortization of intangible assets	2,449		3,153
Amortization of discount on marketable securities	(2,098)		—
Stock-based compensation	6,107		6,090
Non-cash operating lease expense	2,282		2,133
Provision for credit losses	4,835		978
Deferred income taxes	(220)		(3,995)
Other	(1,436)		3,530
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	10,049		8,523
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(536)		(4,598)
Accounts payable and other current liabilities	(33,401)		(16,123)
Operating lease liabilities	(2,145)		(1,936)
Deferred revenue	(231)		904
Other non-current assets and liabilities	4,244		2,548
Net cash used in operating activities	(18,651)		(1,130)

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Acquisition of a business, net of cash acquired	(285)		(34,524)
Purchases of property and equipment	(5,091)		(10,355)
Capitalized software development costs	(5,503)		(6,333)
Purchases of marketable securities	(60,718)		—
Proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities	151,003		—
Other	(8)		(97)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	79,398		(51,309)

CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Repayment of long-term debt obligations	(96,170)		—
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options and warrants	—		3,753
Treasury stock repurchases and share withholdings on vested awards	(7,532)		(9,572)
Principal payments on finance lease obligations	(1,028)		(1,871)
Payment of contingent consideration liability up to acquisition-date fair value	(547)		—
Net cash used in financing activities	(105,277)		(7,690)
Effect of exchange rate changes	(1,246)		(3,875)

Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(45,776)		(64,004)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash — Beginning	105,765		455,592
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash — Ending	$	59,989	$	391,588

RECONCILIATION OF CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	59,802	$	391,409
Restricted cash, included in other assets	$	187	$	179
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	59,989	$	391,588

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OUTBRAIN INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued)

(In thousands)


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds	$	6,080	$	2,746
Cash paid for interest	$	4,427	$	3,733

SUPPLEMENTAL SCHEDULE OF NONCASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Stock consideration issued for acquisition of a business	$	—	$	4,190
Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable	$	2,424	$	32
Operating lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations	$	4,630	$	503
Acquisition consideration payable	$	285	$	12,017
Stock-based compensation capitalized for software development costs	$	272	$	306

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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OUTBRAIN INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

1. Organization, Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Organization and Description of Business

Outbrain Inc., together with its subsidiaries (“Outbrain,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us”), was incorporated in August 2006 in Delaware. The Company is headquartered in New York, New York with various wholly-owned subsidiaries, including in Israel, Europe and Asia. In connection with the Company’s initial public offering (“IPO”), its common stock began trading on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) on July 23, 2021 under the “OB” ticker symbol.

Outbrain is a leading technology platform that drives business results by engaging people across the open Internet. Outbrain’s technology provides personalization, engagement and monetization solutions to thousands of digital media properties, including a number of the world’s most prestigious publishers. The Company pays traffic acquisition costs to its media owner partners on whose digital properties the recommendations are shown. The Company’s advertiser solutions are mainly priced using a performance-based model based on the actual number of engagements generated by users, which is highly dependent on its ability to generate trustworthy and interesting recommendations to individual users based on its proprietary algorithms. A portion of the Company’s revenue is generated through advertisers participating in programmatic auctions wherein the pricing is determined by the auction results and not dependent on user engagement.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and are unaudited. Certain information and disclosures normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted. Accordingly, these condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 15, 2023 (“2022 Form 10-K”).

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and related disclosures as of the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates and judgments are based on historical information and on various other assumptions that the Company believes are reasonable under the circumstances. Estimates and assumptions made in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the allowance for credit losses, sales allowance, software development costs eligible for capitalization, valuation of deferred tax assets, the useful lives of property and equipment, the useful lives and fair value of intangible assets, valuation of goodwill, the fair value of stock-based awards, and the recognition and measurement of income tax uncertainties and other contingencies. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to the prior periods’ financial information in order to conform to the current period’s presentation.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Investments

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and highly liquid investments in money market funds, U.S. government bonds and commercial paper. Most of the Company’s cash deposits are above the $250,000 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) limit and, therefore, not insured.

The Company’s investments in debt securities are classified as available-for-sale and are recorded at fair value. The Company classifies its investments in debt securities as short-term or long-term, based on each security’s maturity date. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are recognized in other comprehensive (loss) income (“OCI”), net of taxes.

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OUTBRAIN INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash represents security deposits for facility leases and is included in other assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Certain Risks and Concentrations

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, and accounts receivable. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash are generally invested in high-credit quality financial instruments with both banks and financial institutions to reduce the amount of exposure to any single financial institution.

The Company generally does not require collateral to secure accounts receivable. No single marketer accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s total revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 or 2022, or 10% or more of its gross accounts receivable balance as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, none of the Company’s media owners accounted for 10% of its total traffic acquisition costs.

Segment Information

The Company has one operating and reporting segment. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is its Co-Chief Executive Officer who makes resource allocation decisions and assesses performance based on financial information presented on a consolidated basis.

New Accounting Pronouncements

Under the JOBS Act, the Company meets the definition of an emerging growth company and can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. The Company has elected to use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the Company is no longer an emerging growth company or until the Company affirmatively and irrevocably opts out of the extended transition period.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

The Company has considered all new accounting pronouncements and has concluded that based on the current information, there are no new pronouncements that are expected to have a material impact on its results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.

See Note 1 to the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 in the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K for a complete disclosure of the Company’s significant accounting policies.

2. Revenue Recognition

The following table presents total revenue based on where the Company’s marketers are physically located:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
USA	$	68,889	$	85,079	$	141,105	$	170,656
Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA)	134,486		140,293		268,240		279,968
Other	22,425		25,511		48,229		54,475
Total revenue	$	225,800	$	250,883	$	457,574	$	505,099

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OUTBRAIN INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

Contract Balances. There were no contract assets as of June 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022. Contract liabilities primarily relate to advance payments and consideration received from customers. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company’s contract liabilities were recorded as deferred revenue in its condensed consolidated balance sheets.

3. Acquisition

On January 5, 2022, the Company acquired all of the outstanding shares of video intelligence AG (“vi”), a Swiss-based contextual video technology company for digital media owners, for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $54.2 million, which was paid in the form of cash and Outbrain common stock. The equity portion of the purchase price was comprised of 355,786 shares of the Company’s common stock with a fair value of $4.2 million. The first installment of $37.3 million in cash and the equity portion were paid at closing, an additional $10.6 million was paid in the third quarter of 2022, and $1.2 million was paid in the first quarter of 2023. The consideration paid during the first quarter of 2023 included $0.9 million of contingent consideration, $0.5 million of which was recognized on the acquisition date, and $0.4 million recorded as a fair value adjustment in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022, based on the market price of the Company’s stock determined one year from closing. This acquisition expanded the Company’s video product offerings to include in-stream high-quality video content, delivering a better user experience and more value to its advertisers.

This acquisition was accounted for as a business combination under the acquisition method of accounting and the results of operations of vi have been included in the Company’s results of operations since January 5, 2022. The Company incurred transaction costs relating to the vi acquisition of $0.2 million, which were included in general and administrative expenses in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

See Note 2 to the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 in the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K for additional information relating to purchase price allocation and intangible assets recorded in connection with this transaction.

4. Restructuring

On May 31, 2023, the Company announced a reduction in its global workforce of approximately 10%, to adjust to the continued macroeconomic uncertainty, create additional operating efficiencies, and support the Company’s strategic growth and profitability objectives. The Company began notifying the affected employees of their termination on May 31, 2023 and recognized the majority of the related charges during the three months ended June 30, 2023.

The following is a summary of pre-tax restructuring charges for severance and related personnel costs in the three and six months ended June 30, 2023:


	Three Months Ended June 30, 2023		Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
	(In thousands)
Research and development	$	425	$	425
Sales and marketing	1,463		2,306		(1)
General and administrative	417		417
Total	$	2,305	$	3,148

_________________________________________

(1) Includes $0.8 million of severance and related costs relating to reorganization costs incurred during the first quarter of 2023.

As of June 30, 2023, accrued severance and related liabilities recorded within accrued compensation and benefits in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet was $1.5 million, reflecting cash payments of $1.6 million made during the six months ended June 30, 2023. The remainder of the liability is expected to be paid by the end of 2023.

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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

5. Investments in Marketable Securities

All of the Company’s debt securities are classified as available-for-sale. The Company’s cash equivalents and investments as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of the following:


		June 30, 2023
(In thousands)	Fair Value Level	Amortized cost (1)		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Cash Equivalents		Short-term investments		Long-term investments
Money market funds	1	$	16,869	$	—	$	—	$	16,869	$	16,869	$	—	$	—
U.S. Treasuries	2	10,821		—		(118)		10,703		—		10,703		—
U.S. government bonds	2	43,952		—		(457)		43,495		—		35,226		8,269
Commercial paper	2	28,715		—		(49)		28,666		—		28,666		—
U.S. Corporate bonds	2	75,807		—		(675)		75,132		—		38,573		36,559
Total cash equivalents and investments		$	176,164	$	—	$	(1,299)	$	174,865	$	16,869	$	113,168	$	44,828


		December 31, 2022
(In thousands)	Fair Value Level	Amortized cost (1)		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Cash Equivalents		Short-term investments		Long-term investments
Money market funds	1	$	39,198	$	—	$	—	$	39,198	$	39,198	$	—	$	—
U.S. Treasuries	2	31,721		—		(317)		31,404		—		23,701		7,703
U.S. government bonds	2	77,259		—		(899)		76,360		—		52,254		24,106
Commercial paper	2	43,126		3		(161)		42,968		—		42,968		—
U.S. Corporate bonds	2	95,599		29		(694)		94,934		—		47,982		46,952
Total cash equivalents and investments		$	286,903	$	32	$	(2,071)	$	284,864	$	39,198	$	166,905	$	78,761

___________________________

(1) The amortized cost of debt securities excludes accrued interest of $0.9 million and $1.0 million, respectively, as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

On April 14, 2023, in connection with the Company’s partial repurchase of its Convertible Notes, the Company redeemed some of its available-for-sale marketable securities prior to their maturities to finance the debt repurchase. The proceeds from the sales of securities were $78.9 million, which included a gross realized loss of $0.6 million, which was released from other comprehensive loss and recorded within interest income and other income (expense), net in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023. The gross realized loss was determined using the specific identification method. The total estimated fair value of debt securities in an unrealized loss position as of June 30, 2023 was $158.0 million, all of which has been in an unrealized loss position for less than twelve months. For marketable securities with unrealized loss positions, the Company does not intend to sell these securities and it is more likely than not that the Company will hold these securities until maturity or a recovery of the cost basis. No allowance for credit losses was recorded for these securities as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

The following table shows the fair value of the Company’s available-for-sale securities by contractual maturity:


	June 30, 2023
	(In thousands)
Within 1 year	$	130,037
After 1 year through 2 years	44,828
Total fair value	$	174,865

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OUTBRAIN INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

6. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The Company’s goodwill balance as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $63.1 million. The Company has not recorded any accumulated impairments of goodwill.

The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of the Company’s intangible assets are as follows:


	June 30, 2023
	Weighted Average Amortization Period	Gross Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Value
	(In thousands)
Developed technology	8.0 years	$	18,411	$	(10,276)	$	8,135
Customer relationships	5.0 years	5,902		(5,387)		515
Publisher relationships	8.0 years	18,830		(10,046)		8,784
Trade names	8.8 years	5,298		(1,457)		3,841
Content provider relationships	5.0 years	284		(84)		200
Other	15.8 years	896		(255)		641
Total intangible assets, net		$	49,621	$	(27,505)	$	22,116


	December 31, 2022
	Weighted Average Amortization Period	Gross Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Value
	(In thousands)
Developed technology	5.8 years	$	18,411	$	(9,652)	$	8,759
Customer relationships	4.1 years	5,856		(5,022)		834
Publisher relationships	6.3 years	18,738		(8,782)		9,956
Trade names	8.7 years	5,279		(1,143)		4,136
Content provider relationships	5.0 years	284		(56)		228
Other	15.8 years	888		(227)		661
Total intangible assets, net		$	49,456	$	(24,882)	$	24,574

No impairment charges were recorded for the Company’s intangible assets subject to amortization during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

As of June 30, 2023, estimated amortization related to the Company’s identifiable acquisition-related intangible assets in future periods was as follows:


	Amount
	(In thousands)
Remainder of 2023	$	1,732
2024	3,465
2025	3,465
2026	3,465
2027	3,116
Thereafter	6,873
Total	$	22,116

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OUTBRAIN INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

7. Balance Sheet Components

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses consists of the following:


	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(In thousands)
Accounts receivable	$	176,952	$	186,770
Allowance for credit losses	(8,073)		(5,512)
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses	$	168,879	$	181,258

The allowance for credit losses consists of the following activity:


	Six Months Ended June 30, 2023		Year Ended December 31, 2022
	(In thousands)
Allowance for credit losses, beginning balance	$	5,512	$	4,402
Provision for credit losses, net of recoveries	5,113		3,227
Write-offs	(2,552)		(2,117)
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance	$	8,073	$	5,512

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consists of the following:


	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(In thousands)
Prepaid traffic acquisition costs	$	23,160	$	23,149
Prepaid taxes	15,461		15,280
Prepaid software licenses	2,722		2,465
Other prepaid expenses and other current assets	5,993		5,867
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	47,336	$	46,761

Property, Equipment and Capitalized Software, Net

Property, equipment and capitalized software, net consists of the following:


	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(In thousands)
Capitalized software development costs	$	73,491	$	67,685
Computer and equipment	63,130		59,536
Software	3,198		3,113
Leasehold improvements	3,149		2,859
Furniture and fixtures	1,113		1,177
Property, equipment, and capitalized software, gross	144,081		134,370
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	(101,989)		(94,480)
Total property, equipment and capitalized software, net	$	42,092	$	39,890

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OUTBRAIN INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

Accrued and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued and other current liabilities consists of the following:


	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(In thousands)
Accrued traffic acquisition costs	$	58,852	$	73,396
Accrued tax liabilities	13,398		15,013
Accrued agency commissions	10,482		13,451
Accrued professional fees	4,671		4,915
Operating lease obligations, current	3,487		3,236
Interest payable	1,565		3,074
Finance lease obligations, current	1,025		1,758
Other	9,302		11,249
Total accrued and other current liabilities	$	102,782	$	126,092

In addition to accrued traffic acquisition costs, accounts payable includes $127.8 million and $136.8 million of traffic acquisition costs as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

8. Fair Value Measurements

The Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. The Company’s financial instruments include restricted time deposits, severance pay fund deposits and foreign currency forward contracts. The Company determines the fair value of its financial instruments based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the Company uses the fair value hierarchy described below to distinguish between observable and unobservable inputs:

Level I — Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities at the measurement date;

Level II — Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be principally corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities; and

Level III — Valuations based on unobservable inputs that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities that are supported by little or no market data.

The following table sets forth the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy:


	June 30, 2023
	Level I		Level II		Level III		Total
	(In thousands)
Financial Assets:
Cash equivalents and investments (1)	$	16,869	$	157,996	$	—	$	174,865
Restricted time deposit (2)	—		187		—		187
Severance pay fund deposits (2)	—		4,779		—		4,779
Foreign currency forward contract (3)	—		358		—		358
Total financial assets	$	16,869	$	163,320	$	—	$	180,189
Financial Liabilities:
Foreign currency forward contract (4)	—		977		—		977
Total financial liabilities	$	—	$	977	$	—	$	977

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OUTBRAIN INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)


	December 31, 2022
	Level I		Level II		Level III		Total
	(In thousands)
Financial Assets:
Cash equivalents and investments (1)	$	39,198	$	245,666	$	—	$	284,864
Restricted time deposit (2)	—		185		—		185
Severance pay fund deposits (2)	—		5,378		—		5,378
Foreign currency forward contract (3)	—		726		—		726
Total financial assets	$	39,198	$	251,955	$	—	$	291,153
Financial Liabilities:
Foreign currency forward contract (4)	—		1,463		—		1,463
Total financial liabilities	$	—	$	1,463	$	—	$	1,463

_____________________

(1)Money market securities are valued using Level I of the fair value hierarchy, while the fair values of U.S. Treasuries, government bonds, commercial paper, and corporate bonds are considered Level II and are obtained from independent pricing services, which may use various methods, including quoted prices for identical or similar securities in active and inactive markets. See Note 5 for additional detail of the Company’s fixed income securities by balance sheet location.

(2)Recorded within other assets.

(3)Recorded within prepaid expenses and other current assets.

(4)Recorded within accrued and other current liabilities.

The Company records the fair values of the assets and liabilities relating to its undesignated foreign currency forward contracts on a gross basis in its condensed consolidated balance sheets, as they are not subject to master netting arrangements. There is no cash collateral required to be pledged by the Company or its counterparties. The Company enters into foreign currency forward exchange contracts to manage the effects of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates on its net cash flows from non-U.S. dollar denominated operations.

By entering into foreign currency forward contracts, the Company is exposed to a potential credit risk that the counterparty to its contracts will fail to meet its contractual obligations. If a counterparty fails to perform, the Company’s maximum credit risk exposure would be the positive fair value of the foreign currency forward contracts, or any asset balance, which represents the amount the counterparty owes to the Company. In order to mitigate the counterparty risk, the Company performs an evaluation of its counterparty credit worthiness, and its forward contracts have a term of no more than 12 months. The Company had foreign currency forward contracts with Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”), which was closed by the California regulators on March 10, 2023. On March 12, 2023, the Department of the Treasury, Federal Reserve and the FDIC approved actions enabling the FDIC to complete its resolution of SVB in a manner that fully protected all depositors and converted SVB to Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, N.A. On March 27, 2023, First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company (“First Citizens Bank”) entered into an agreement with the FDIC to acquire Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, N.A and the Company’s existing foreign currency forward contracts were assumed by First Citizens Bank. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recognized net losses of $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, within interest income and other income (expense), net in its condensed consolidated statements of operations, related to mark-to-market adjustments on its undesignated foreign currency forward contacts. The Company recorded corresponding losses of $3.3 million and $4.1 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022.

The Company’s 2.95% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 (“Convertible Notes”) are recorded within long-term debt in its condensed consolidated balance sheets at their carrying value, which may differ from their fair value. The fair value of Convertible Notes is estimated using external pricing data, including any available market data for other debt instruments with similar characteristics. The following table summarizes the carrying value and the estimated fair value of the Company’s Convertible Notes, based on Level II measurements of the fair value hierarchy:

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OUTBRAIN INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)


	June 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value		Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value
			(In thousands)
Convertible Notes	$	118,000	$	94,624	$	236,000	$	180,752

See Note 10 for additional information relating to Convertible Notes, half of which were repurchased in April 2023.

9. Leases

The Company leases certain equipment and computers under finance lease arrangements, as well as office facilities and managed data center facilities under non-cancelable operating lease arrangements for its U.S. and international locations that expire on various dates through 2032.

The following table summarizes assets and liabilities related to the Company’s operating and finance leases:


	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets Location	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
		(In thousands)
Lease assets:
Operating leases	Operating lease right-of-use assets, net	$	13,701	$	11,065
Finance leases	Property, equipment and capitalized software, net	930		1,858
Total lease assets		$	14,631	$	12,923

Lease liabilities:
Current liabilities:
Operating leases	Accrued and other current liabilities	$	3,487	$	3,236
Finance leases	Accrued and other current liabilities	1,025		1,758
Non-current liabilities:
Operating leases	Operating lease liabilities, non-current	10,967		8,445
Finance leases	Other liabilities	—		254
Total lease liabilities		$	15,479	$	13,693

The following table presents the components of the Company’s total lease expense:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Operating lease cost
Fixed lease costs (1)	$	1,136	$	965	$	2,282	$	2,133
Variable lease costs (2)	126		32		158		62
Short-term lease costs (1)	163		134		302		274
Finance lease cost:
Depreciation (3)	463		803		927		1,746
Interest (4)	25		71		59		159
Total lease cost	$	1,913	$	2,005	$	3,728	$	4,374

_____________________

(1)Recorded within cost of revenue and operating expenses.

(2)Recorded within operating expenses.

(3)Recorded within cost of revenue.

(4)Recorded within interest expense.

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OUTBRAIN INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

As of June 30, 2023, the maturities of the Company’s lease liabilities under operating and finance leases were as follows:


Year	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
	(In thousands)
Remainder of 2023	$	2,168	$	796
2024	4,324		256
2025	3,986		—
2026	2,751		—
2027	2,125		—
Thereafter	1,768		—
Total minimum payments required	$	17,122	$	1,052
Less: imputed interest	(2,668)		(27)
Total present value of lease liabilities	$	14,454	$	1,025

10. Long-Term Debt

Convertible Notes

On July 27, 2021, in connection with the closing of the Company’s IPO and pursuant to the terms of the Note Purchase Agreement, the Company exchanged $200 million aggregate principal amount of the Notes due July 1, 2026 for $236.0 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes, pursuant to an indenture, dated as of July 27, 2021 (the “Indenture”), between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee. The Convertible Notes mature on July 27, 2026, unless earlier converted, redeemed, or repurchased.

On April 14, 2023, the Company repurchased $118.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes out of the initially issued principal balance of $236.0 million via a privately negotiated repurchase agreement with Baupost Group Securities, L.L.C., the sole holder of the Convertible Notes, for approximately $96.2 million in cash, including accrued interest, representing a discount of approximately 19% to the principal amount of the repurchased notes. As a result, the Company recorded a pre-tax gain of approximately $22.6 million in its condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2023. Following the closing of the repurchase, the repurchased notes were cancelled by the Trustee, and $118.0 million principal amount of the Convertible Notes out of the initially issued principal balance of $236.0 million, remains outstanding as of June 30, 2023 and continues to be subject to the terms of the Indenture pursuant to which they were issued.

Interest on the Convertible Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on January 27 and July 27 of each year, beginning on January 27, 2022, at a rate of 2.95% per year. The initial conversion rate for the Convertible Notes is 40 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of $25 per share of the Company’s common stock), subject to adjustment.

See Note 7 to the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information relating to the Company’s Convertible Notes, including the redemption and conversion provisions.

Revolving Credit Facility

On November 2, 2021, the Company entered into the Second Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement with SVB (the “2021 Revolving Credit Facility”), which provides, subject to borrowing availability and certain other conditions, for revolving loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $75.0 million (the “Facility”), with a $15.0 million sub-facility for letters of credit. On July 18, 2023, the Company entered into a first amendment to the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility agreement by and among Silicon Valley Bank, a division of First Citizens Bank and Trust Company, to convert the borrowing rate from LIBOR to SOFR and reduce the required level of domestic cash deposits that the Company is required to maintain at SVB. The Company’s borrowing availability under the Facility is calculated by reference to a borrowing base which is determined by specified percentages of eligible accounts receivable. The Facility will terminate on the earlier of (i) November 2, 2026 or (ii) 120 days prior to the maturity date of Convertible Notes, unless the Convertible Notes have been converted to common equity securities of the Company.

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OUTBRAIN INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

Outstanding loans under the Facility, as recently amended, accrue interest, at the Company’s option based upon borrowing availability under the Facility, at a rate equal to either (a) a base rate minus an applicable margin ranging from 1.5% to 1.0% per annum or (b) SOFR plus an applicable margin of 1.5% to 2.0% per annum, subject to a SOFR adjustment ranging from 0.10% to 0.15%, depending on the length of the borrowing. The undrawn portions of the commitments under the Facility are subject to a commitment fee at a rate ranging from 0.20% per annum to 0.30% per annum, based upon borrowing availability under the Facility.

The 2021 Revolving Credit Facility contains representations and warranties, including, without limitation, with respect to collateral; accounts receivable; financials; litigation, indictment and compliance with laws; disclosure and no material adverse effect, each of which is a condition to funding. Additionally, the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility includes events of default and customary affirmative and negative covenants applicable to the Company and its subsidiaries, including, without limitation, restrictions on liens, indebtedness, investments, fundamental changes, dispositions, restricted payments, and prepayment of the Convertible Notes and of junior indebtedness. The 2021 Revolving Credit Facility contains a financial covenant that requires, in the event that credit extensions under the Facility equal or exceed 85% of the available commitments under the Facility or upon the occurrence of an event of default, the Company to maintain a minimum consolidated monthly fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.00. The obligations of the Company, and the other subsidiary co-borrowers under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility are secured by a first-priority lien on substantially all the assets of the Company and such other subsidiary co-borrowers.

As previously discussed in Note 8, on March 27, 2023, First Citizens Bank entered into an agreement with FDIC to acquire the Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, N.A, assuming all customer deposits and certain other liabilities of Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, N.A. As a result, the Company’s 2021 Revolving Credit Facility remains in effect with First Citizens Bank. The Company was in compliance with all of the related financial covenants as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had no borrowings outstanding under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility and its available borrowing capacity was $60.1 million and $70.7 million, respectively, based on the defined borrowing formula. Other assets in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets as each of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 included deferred financing costs of $0.4 million, which are being amortized over the term of the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility.

11. Income Taxes

The Company’s interim provision from income taxes is determined based on its annual estimated effective tax rate, applied to the actual year-to-date income, and adjusted for the tax effects of any discrete items. The Company’s effective tax rates for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 were 26.5% and 29.3%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rates for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 were (19.1)% and (5.8)%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rates for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2023 were higher than the United States federal statutory tax rate of 21%, primarily due to certain non-deductible stock-based compensation expenses, partially offset by a deduction related to foreign-derived intangible income. The Company’s effective tax rates for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 were lower than the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21%, primarily due the tax impact related to the profitability of non-U.S. jurisdictions and certain non-deductible stock-based compensation expenses.

On August 16, 2022, the U.S. enacted the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which among other things implements a 15% minimum tax on adjusted financial statement income of certain large corporations and a 1% excise tax on net stock repurchases. Based on the Company’s current level of income and share repurchase program, this legislation is not expected to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In addition, a provision enacted as part of the 2017 Tax Cuts & Jobs Act requires companies to capitalize certain research and experimental expenditures for tax purposes in tax years beginning after December 31, 2021. As a result, the Company expects to utilize a substantial portion of its federal net operating loss carryforwards in 2023.

12. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings and Other Matters

From time to time, the Company may become subject to legal proceedings, claims and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. In addition, the Company may receive letters alleging infringement of patent or other intellectual property rights. The Company is not currently a party to any material legal proceedings, nor is it aware of any pending or threatened litigation that, in its opinion, would have a material adverse effect on its business, operating results, cash flows or financial condition should such litigation be resolved unfavorably.

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OUTBRAIN INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

Since 2021, the Company had been cooperating with the previously disclosed criminal investigation being conducted by the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice into the hiring practices in the Company’s industry that included the Company. On July 11, 2023, the U.S. Department of Justice informed the Company that it is no longer pursuing this investigation.

13. Stockholders’ Equity

Share Repurchases

On December 14, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) approved a new share repurchase program, authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $30 million of its common stock, par value $0.001 per share, with no requirement to purchase any minimum number of shares. The manner, timing, and actual number of shares repurchased under the program will depend on a variety of factors, including price, general business and market conditions, and other investment opportunities. Shares may be repurchased through privately negotiated transactions or open market purchases, including through the use of trading plans intended to qualify under Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act. The repurchase program may be commenced, suspended, or terminated at any time by the Company at its discretion without prior notice. The following is a summary of the Company’s share repurchase activity under its share repurchase programs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(In thousands, except share information)
Shares repurchased	200,000		1,388,317		1,513,073		1,388,317
Fair value of shares repurchased	$	988	$	7,501	$	7,130	$	7,501

As of June 30, 2023, the remaining availability under the Company’s $30 million share repurchase program was $22.9 million.

In addition, the Company may periodically withhold shares to satisfy employee tax withholding obligations arising in connection with the vesting of restricted stock units and exercise of options and warrants in accordance with the terms of the Company’s equity incentive plans and the underlying award agreements. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company withheld 42,065 shares and 90,267 shares, respectively, with a fair value of $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively, to satisfy the employee tax withholding obligations. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company withheld 38,864 shares and 156,501 shares, respectively, with a fair value of $0.4 million and $2.1 million, respectively.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The following table details the changes in accumulated other compressive loss, net of tax:


	Foreign Currency Translation Loss		Unrealized (Losses) Gains on Investments in Marketable Securities		Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
	(In thousands)
Balance–December 31, 2022	$	(8,344)	$	(1,569)	$	(9,913)
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(2,661)		147		(2,514)
Realized losses reclassified to earnings, net of tax of $128	—		423		423
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax	(2,661)		570		(2,091)
Balance–June 30, 2023	$	(11,005)	$	(999)	$	(12,004)

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OUTBRAIN INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

14. Stock-based Compensation

Equity Incentive Plans

In July 2021, the Board and the Company’s stockholders approved the 2021 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”), which may be used to grant, among other award types, stock options and restricted stock units (“RSUs”). The number of shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under the 2021 Plan will also be increased pursuant to provisions for annual automatic evergreen increases. The Company’s previous awards issued under its 2007 Omnibus Securities and Incentive Plan, as amended and restated on January 21, 2009 (“2007 Plan”), remain subject to the 2007 Plan. As of June 30, 2023, 6,355,954 and 619,842 shares were available for grant under the 2021 Plan and the 2007 Plan, respectively. The Company generally issues new shares for stock option exercises and vesting of RSUs.

The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense for stock-based awards, including stock options, RSUs and stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), based on the estimated fair value of the awards. The Company estimates the fair value of its stock option awards on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of RSUs is the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations for the periods presented:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Research and development	$	1,037	$	756	$	1,539	$	1,293
Sales and marketing	1,222		1,410		2,248		2,583
General and administrative	1,237		1,191		2,320		2,214
Total stock-based compensation	$	3,496	$	3,357	$	6,107	$	6,090

As of June 30, 2023, the Company’s remaining unrecognized stock-based compensation expense was $1.5 million for unvested stock options and $29.1 million for unvested RSUs.

There were no stock options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2023. The following table summarizes stock option activity for the period presented:


	Stock Options
	Number of Shares	Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Outstanding — December 31, 2022	2,681,436	$	9.08
Forfeited/expired	(162,924)	$	8.55
Outstanding — June 30, 2023	2,518,512	$	9.11
Exercisable — June 30, 2023	2,198,751	$	8.83

As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, 3,390 SARs were outstanding, which are accounted for as liability awards.

The following table summarizes RSU activity for the six months ended June 30, 2023:


	Service-based RSUs
	Number of Shares	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding—December 31, 2022	2,785,510	$	9.87
Granted	2,350,282	$	4.82
Vested	(681,608)	$	9.26
Forfeited	(253,257)	$	9.25
Outstanding—June 30, 2023	4,200,927	$	7.18

Table of Contents

OUTBRAIN INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

The above rollforward includes 90,000 performance-based RSUs with a grant date fair value of $4.82 per share granted during the three months ended June 30, 2023. Expense related to performance-based RSUs is recognized ratably during the 3-year performance period, based on the probability of attaining the performance targets. The potential number of shares that may be earned ranges from 0% if minimum performance targets are not achieved to 100% if the performance level meets or exceeds the specified targets.

Stock-Based Awards Granted Outside of Equity Incentive Plans

Warrants

The Company issued equity classified warrants to purchase shares of common stock to certain third-party advisors, consultants, and financial institutions, which expire between 2024 and 2026. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, 188,235 warrants were outstanding and exercisable with a weighted average exercise price of $7.57.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In July 2021, the Board and the Company’s stockholders approved a new 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”), which became effective in connection with the closing of the Company’s IPO. A total of approximately 2,352,000 shares of the Company’s common stock have been reserved for issuance under the ESPP, which is subject to annual automatic evergreen increases. As of June 30, 2023, no shares have been purchased under the ESPP as it is not yet active.

15. Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

The following table presents the computation of the Company’s basic and diluted net income (loss) per share:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Numerator:
Net income (loss) attributed to common stockholders - basic	$	11,282	$	(10,318)	$	5,677	$	(12,208)
Add: interest on convertible debt	765		—		—		—
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders - diluted	$	12,047	$	(10,318)	$	5,677	$	(12,208)
Denominator:
Basic weighted-average shares	51,223,988		57,590,308		51,329,055		57,414,636
Weighted-average dilutive share equivalents:
Convertible debt	5,401,778		—		—		—
Restricted stock units	53,150		—		58,096		—
Diluted weighted-average shares	56,678,916		57,590,308		51,387,151		57,414,636
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic	$	0.22	$	(0.18)	$	0.11	$	(0.21)
Diluted	$	0.21	$	(0.18)	$	0.11	$	(0.21)

The following weighted-average shares have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share for each period presented because they are anti-dilutive:


	Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023	2022	2023	2022
Convertible debt	—	9,440,000	7,432,044	9,440,000
Options to purchase common stock	2,547,995	2,912,747	2,604,607	2,912,747
Warrants	188,235	188,235	188,235	188,235
Restricted stock units	2,546,109	3,061,717	2,397,591	3,061,717
Total shares excluded from diluted net loss per share	5,282,339	15,602,699	12,622,477	15,602,699

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Report”) and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 15, 2023 (“2022 Form 10-K”). In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, beliefs, and expectations, and involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results, events, or circumstances to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those incorporated by reference in Part II, Item 1A "Risk Factors" in this Report as such factors may be revised or supplemented in subsequent filings with the SEC, as well as those discussed below and elsewhere in this Report, including under the caption “Note About Forward-Looking Statements.”

The purpose of this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is to provide the readers of our financial statements with narrative information from our management, which is necessary to understand our business, financial condition, and results of operations. The MD&A should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto. In addition to the condensed consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP"), we use certain non-GAAP financial measures throughout this discussion to provide investors with supplemental metrics used by our management for financial and operational decision making. These measures are supplemental and are not an alternative to our financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Reconciliations” in this Report for the definitions and limitations of these measures, and reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP financial measures.

Business Overview

Outbrain Inc. (together with our subsidiaries, “Outbrain,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us”) was incorporated in August 2006 in Delaware. The Company is headquartered in New York, New York with various wholly-owned subsidiaries, including in Israel, Europe and Asia.

Outbrain is a leading technology platform that drives business results by engaging people across the open Internet, reaching over a billion unique users around the world. Outbrain’s technology provides personalization, engagement and monetization solutions to thousands of digital media properties, including a number of the world’s most prestigious publishers. For tens of thousands of advertisers around the world, Outbrain helps attract new customers and grow their businesses, driving measurable results and return on investment.

Over the past decade, consumers have become increasingly accustomed to seeing highly curated digital content and ads that align with their unique interests. Similar to the way in which social media and search have simplified discovery by synthesizing billions of consumer data points to offer personalized experiences, we provide digital media owners with a platform that encompasses data at scale as well as prediction and recommendation capabilities, helping them deliver both editorial content and paid advertising personalized to their users, based on context and each user’s interests and preferences. Our platform is built for user engagement and, as a mobile-first company, is designed to be highly effective on mobile devices. Outbrain’s technology is deployed on the mobile apps and websites of most of our media partners, generating 72% of our revenue in 2022.

Outbrain operates a two-sided marketplace, which means we usually have exclusive control over all aspects of the user experience, allowing us to quickly test and deploy new formats for our advertisers and media owners. Since inception, we have been guided by the same core principles pertaining to our three constituents: users, media partners, and advertisers.

Users. We believe that by focusing on improving the user experience and ad format innovation, we are able to cultivate user behavior patterns that compound engagement over time, delivering superior long-term monetization for ourselves and for our media partners, as well as better return on ad spend for our advertisers.

Media Partners. We are committed to the long-term success of our media partners. Consistent with this philosophy, we focus on establishing a true win-win partnership. We strive to develop trusted, transparent, multi-year contracts with media partners, which are typically exclusive with us. Our media partners include both traditional publishers and companies in new and rapidly evolving categories, such as mobile device manufacturers and web browsers.

Advertisers. We offer a unique advertising solution across the entire purchase funnel, serving tens of thousands of brands - from small businesses to large, Fortune 500 enterprise brands and the agencies that support them. Outbrain’s value proposition to advertisers is to deliver measurable engagement that drives business outcomes - not limited to impressions, views, and reach.

Through our direct, usually exclusive code on page integrations with media partners, we have become one of the largest online advertising platforms on the open web. In 2022, we provided personalized ads to over a billion monthly unique users, delivering on average nearly 12 billion recommendations to content, services, and products per day, with over 30,000 advertisers directly using our platform.

The following is a summary of our performance for the periods presented:

•Our revenue was $225.8 million in the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $250.9 million in three months ended June 30, 2022. Revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2023 included net favorable foreign currency effects of approximately $0.8 million. Revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $457.6 million, compared to $505.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. Revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2023 included net unfavorable foreign currency effects of approximately $4.9 million, and decreased $42.6 million, or 8.4%, on a constant currency basis(1).

•Our gross profit was $44.0 million and our gross margin was 19.5% for the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared to gross profit of $48.7 million and gross margin of 19.4% for the comparable period in 2022. Our gross profit was $85.2 million and our gross margin was 18.6% for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to gross profit of $102.6 million and gross margin of 20.3% for the six months ended June 30, 2022.

•Our Ex-TAC Gross Profit(1) was $54.6 million in the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $59.3 million in the three months ended June 30, 2022. Our Ex-TAC Gross Profit(1) was $106.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $122.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022.

•Our net income was $11.3 million, or 25.6% of gross profit, in the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared to net loss of $10.3 million, or (21.2)% of gross profit, for the comparable period in 2022. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, our net income was $5.7 million, or 6.7% of gross profit, compared to net loss of $12.2 million, or (11.9)% of gross profit, for the six months ended June 30, 2022.

•Our Adjusted EBITDA(1) was $3.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $5.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022. Adjusted EBITDA(1) was 6.4% and 9.9% of Ex-TAC Gross Profit(1) in the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our Adjusted EBITDA(1) was $4.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $17.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. Adjusted EBITDA(1) was 3.9% and 14.2% of Ex-TAC Gross Profit(1) for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

______________________

(1)Ex-TAC Gross Profit, Adjusted EBITDA and constant currency measures are non-GAAP financial measures. See “Non-GAAP Reconciliations” in this Report for definitions and limitations of these measures, and reconciliations to the comparable GAAP financial measures.

Recent Developments

The Launch of our New Branding Platform

On June 14, 2023, we announced the launch of Onyx by OutbrainTM, a new branding platform designed to maximize business impact of awareness and consideration campaigns. Onyx runs exclusively within dedicated, in-article environments across a number of Outbrain’s premium publisher partners. Onyx is designed to meet brand objectives and deliver value beyond traditional ‘ad views’ by leveraging Outbrain’s 15+ years of technology built to predict user engagement through artificial intelligence (“AI”). Onyx features custom large ad formats designed to drive high attention from contextual pre-roll video and high-impact display experiences, which can be activated programmatically, are verified for brand safety, and are viewable on the publisher platform. Launched in partnership with industry leaders in brand safety and attention-based media measurement, Onyx aims to increase campaign effectiveness and ROAS (Return on Ad Spend) for enterprise brands and agencies. Onyx is now available for enterprise brands and agencies in the US, UK, Germany, France, and Italy, with additional markets rolling out in the future. With the addition of Onyx by Outbrain™, we aim to enhance our offering from one that is known primarily for performance ads in native environments to a more premium “full-funnel” service.

Restructuring

On May 31, 2023, we announced a reduction in our global workforce of approximately 10% to adjust to the continued macroeconomic uncertainty, create additional operating efficiencies, and support our strategic growth and profitability objectives. We began notifying the affected employees of their termination on May 31, 2023. During the three months ended June 30, 2023, we recorded pre-tax charges of approximately $2.3 million in connection with the workforce reduction, primarily related to employee severance and related benefit costs.

Partial Repurchase of Convertible Senior Notes

On April 14, 2023, we repurchased $118.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 2.95% convertible notes due 2026 (“Convertible Notes”) out of the initially issued principal balance of $236.0 million via a privately negotiated repurchase agreement with Baupost Group Securities, L.L.C., the sole holder of the Convertible Notes, for approximately $96.2 million in cash, including accrued interest, representing a discount of approximately 19% to the principal amount of the repurchased notes. As a result, we recorded a pre-tax gain of approximately $22.6 million in our condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2023. In connection with our partial repurchase of Convertible Notes, we redeemed some of our available-for-sale marketable securities prior to their maturities for net proceeds of $78.9 million. Following the closing of the repurchase, the repurchased notes were cancelled by the Trustee, and $118.0 million principal amount of the Convertible Notes out of the initially issued principal balance of $236.0 million, remains outstanding as of June 30, 2023 and continues to be subject to the terms of the indenture dated as of July 27, 2021 (“Indenture”), pursuant to which they were issued.

Impacts of SVB Closure

On March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”) was closed by the California regulators and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) was appointed as receiver. On March 12, 2023, the Department of the Treasury, Federal Reserve and FDIC approved actions enabling the FDIC to complete its resolution of SVB in a manner that fully protected all depositors and converted SVB to Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, N.A. As a result, we regained full access to the funds held by SVB. On March 27, 2023, First Citizens Bank & Trust Company (“First Citizens Bank”) entered into an agreement with FDIC to acquire Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, N.A., assuming all customer deposits and certain other liabilities of Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, N.A. As such, our preexisting SVB accounts, our 2021 Revolving Credit Facility, and our existing foreign currency forward contracts, now with First Citizens Bank, have remained in effect and are now fully operational.

As a result of the closure of SVB, our cash flow from operations for the first quarter of 2023 was negatively impacted by the delays in timing of collecting payments from our customers through our operating accounts maintained at SVB. Although we have resumed normal course collections, our second quarter was impacted as we caught up on the March 2023 delays, which have been largely resolved as of June 30, 2023. While this event has impacted the timing of our cash collections during the first half of 2023, we expect it to have limited to no impact for the full year.

Macroeconomic Environment

General worldwide economic conditions have recently experienced significant instability, as well as volatility and disruption in the financial markets, resulting from factors such as the effects of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the COVID-19 pandemic, bank closures, and general economic uncertainty. The current macroeconomic environment, with variables such as inflation, increased interest rates, bank disruptions, recessionary concerns, bankruptcies, currency exchange rate fluctuations, global supply chain disruptions, and labor market volatility, has negatively impacted our advertisers. Accordingly, these conditions have adversely impacted our business and could, if they continue or worsen, adversely impact us in the future, including if our advertisers were to reduce or further reduce their advertising spending as a result of any of these factors. We continue to monitor our operations, and the operations of those in our ecosystem (including media partners, advertisers, and agencies). These conditions make it difficult for us, our media partners, advertisers, and agencies to accurately forecast and plan future business activities and could cause a further reduction or delay in overall advertising demand and spending or impact our advertisers’ ability to pay, which would negatively impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Factors Affecting Our Business

Retention and Growth of Relationships with Media Partners

We rely on relationships with our media partners for a significant portion of our advertising inventory and for our ability to increase revenue through expanding their use of our platform. To further strengthen these relationships, we continuously invest in our technology and product functionality to drive user engagement and monetization by (i) improving our algorithms; (ii) effectively managing our supply and demand; and (iii) expanding the adoption of our enhanced products by media partners.

Our relationships with media partners are typically long-term, exclusive, and strategic in nature. Our top 20 media partners, based on our 2022 revenue, have been using our platform for an average of over seven years, despite their typical contract length being two to four years. Net revenue retention is an important indicator of media partner satisfaction, the value of our platform, as well as our ability to grow revenue from existing relationships.

We calculate media partner net revenue retention at the end of each quarter by starting with revenue generated on media partners’ properties during the same period in the prior year, “Prior Period Retention Revenue.” We then calculate the revenue generated on these same media partners’ properties in the current period, “Current Period Retention Revenue.” Current Period Retention Revenue reflects any expansions within the media partner relationships, such as any additional placements or properties on which we extend our recommendations, as well as contraction or attrition. Our media partner net revenue retention in a quarter equals the Current Period Retention Revenue divided by the Prior Period Retention Revenue. To calculate media partner net revenue retention for year-to-date and annual periods, we sum the quarterly Current Period Retention Revenue and divide it by the sum of the quarterly Prior Period Retention Revenue. These amounts exclude certain revenue adjustments and revenue recognized on a net basis. Our media partner net revenue retention was 78% and 79%, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023.

Our growth also depends on our ability to secure partnerships with new media partners. New media partners are defined as those relationships in which revenue was not generated in the prior period, except for limited instances where residual revenue was generated on a media partner’s properties. In such instances, the residual revenue would be excluded from net revenue retention above. Revenue generated on new media partners’ properties contributed approximately 12% and 11%, respectively, to revenue growth for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023.

User Engagement with Relevant Media and Advertising Content

We believe that engagement is a key pillar of the overall value that our platform provides to users, media partners and advertisers. Our algorithms enable effective engagement of users by facilitating the discovery of content, products, and services that they find most interesting, as well as connecting them to personalized ads that are relevant to them. We believe that the user experience has a profound impact on long-term user behavior patterns and thus “compounds” over time improving our long-term monetization prospects. This principle guides our behavior, and, as a result, we do not focus on the price of ads, nor on maximizing such prices, as may be the case with some of our competitors. Given this view, we do not focus on cost-per-click or cost-per-impression as key performance indicators for the business. Consequently, we have a differentiated approach to monetization as we optimize our algorithms for the overall user experience rather than just for the price of each individual user engagement.

Growth in user engagement is driven by several factors, including enhancements to our recommendation engine, growth in the breadth and depth of our data assets, the increase in size and quality of our content and advertising index, user engagement, expansion on existing media partner properties where our recommendations can be served and the adoption of our platform by new media partners. As we grow user engagement, we are able to collect more data, enabling us to further enhance our algorithms, which in turn helps us make smarter recommendations and further grow user engagement, providing our platform and our business with a powerful growth flywheel. We measure the impact of this growth flywheel on our business by reviewing the growth of Click Through Rate (“CTR”) for ads on our platform. CTR improvements increase the number of clicks on our platform. We believe that we have a significant opportunity to further grow user engagement, and thus our business, as today CTR for ads on our platform is less than 1% of recommendations served.

Advertiser Retention and Growth

We focus on serving ads that are most likely to deliver engagement, rather than on the price of the ads, which we believe leads to better return on ad spend (“ROAS”) for advertisers. Our growth is partially driven by retaining and expanding the amount of spend by advertisers on our platform, as well as by acquiring new advertisers. Our recent launch of Onyx by Outbrain™ expands Outbrain’s total addressable market to now include top of the funnel marketing dollars while also driving more premium demand.

Improving our platform with functionality and features that increase engagement and ROAS is expected to increase the attractiveness of our platform to existing and new advertisers, while also growing our share of their advertising budgets. We continuously invest in enhancing our technological capabilities to deliver better ROAS and transparency on ad spend, and market these attributes to grow our advertiser base and share of wallet.

Prices paid by advertisers on our platform fluctuate period to period for a variety of reasons, including supply and demand, competition, macroeconomic conditions, and seasonality. Movements in average prices do not necessarily correlate to our revenue or Ex-TAC Gross Profit trends. In order to grow our revenue and Ex-TAC Gross Profit and maximize value for our advertisers and media partners, our focus as a business is on driving user engagement and ROAS for advertisers, not on optimizing for price.

Onyx by OutbrainTM leverages the strength of Outbrain’s prediction technology engine, accurately pinpointing when, where, and how consumers actively engage with ads. Our Onyx by Outbrain™ reporting capabilities are designed to provide results on attention and impact in order to support a clear path for how user engagement leads to ROAS. Capitalizing on the article browsing experience gives advertisers the ability to tap into an incremental, additional resource of consumer attention.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, over 30,000 unique advertisers were active on our platform. In addition, we continue to grow our programmatic partnerships, enabling us to grow our advertiser base efficiently.

Expansion Into New Environments, New Content Experiences and New Ad Formats

The accelerating pace of technological innovation and adoption, combined with continuously evolving user behavior and content consumption habits, presents multiple opportunities for growth. The emergence of new devices, platforms and environments in which users spend time consuming content is one area of expansion for us. Similarly, the formats in which content can or will be consumed continue to evolve, as do user-friendly and impactful ad formats that can be delivered in or alongside that content. Fundamentally, we plan to continue making our platform available for media partners on all types of devices and platforms, and all formats of media that carry their content.

Examples of new environments in which content consumption is expected to grow include connected TVs (“CTV”), screens for autonomous vehicles and public transport, pre-installed applications on new smartphones, smartphone native content feeds, push notifications and email newsletters. We are developing solutions that allow media partners, service providers and manufacturers to provide better curated, personalized and more engaging content feeds and recommendations in these environments. Through our acquisition of vi in the first quarter of 2022, we expanded our video product offerings to new formats and environments, including pre-roll high-impact video formats, delivering a better user experience and more value to our advertisers. With the introduction of Onyx by Outbrain™, we have expanded our investment in providing enterprise brand advertisers with high-impact display and video formats that are designed to drive higher user attention. We plan to continue to evaluate strategic acquisition or investment opportunities as part of our growth strategy in the future.

The development and deployment of new ad formats allow us to better serve users, media partners and, ultimately, advertisers who seek to target and engage users at scale; this continues to open and grow new types of advertiser demand, while ensuring relevance as the environments in which we operate diversify.

Investment in Our Technology and Infrastructure

Innovation is a core tenet of our Company and our industry. We plan to continue our investments in our people and our technology in order to retain and enhance our competitive position. For example, improvements to our algorithms help us deliver more relevant ads, driving higher user engagement, thereby improving ROAS for advertisers and increasing monetization for our media partners.

We strongly believe in the transformative power of AI in shaping the future of sustainable media, and have been utilizing AI technology for years to empower both media owners and advertisers in their businesses. We leverage AI in a manner designed to enable media owners to increase their revenues and connect with audiences on their own platforms within the open web. We use machine learning to predict user interest and propensity to convert. We make around 1 billion such predictions every second. Our technology has developed into a robust AI machine learning system and is largely homegrown by our Research and Development team. One of the strongest long-term levers in our business is the continuous improvement of our algorithms and the data sets our algorithms learn from. The more data points we have, the better our CTR predictions and yield potential can be.

Our Smartlogic product dynamically adjusts both the arrangement and the formats of content delivered to a user, depending on the user’s preferences and our media partner’s key performance indicators (“KPIs”), designed to provide a more personalized and engaging feed experience. We continue to invest in media partner and advertiser focused tools, technology, and products as well as privacy-centric solutions. For example, Keystone by Outbrain™ enables a more holistic management of overall revenue for media owners increasingly focused on revenue diversification.

We believe that our proprietary micro-services, API-based cloud infrastructure provides us with a strategic competitive advantage, as we are able to deploy code an average of 300 times per day and grow in a scalable and highly cost-effective manner. As we develop and deploy solutions for enhanced integration of our technologies in new environments, with new content and ad formats, we anticipate activity through our platform to grow. We anticipate that the investment in our technology, infrastructure and solutions will contribute to our long-term growth.

Industry Dynamics

Our business depends on the overall demand for digital advertising, on the continuous success of our current and prospective media partners, and on general market conditions. Digital advertising is a rapidly evolving and growing industry, with growth that has outpaced the growth of the broader advertising industry. Content consumption continues to shift online, requiring media owners to adapt in order to successfully attract, engage and monetize their users. Given the large and growing volume of content being generated online, content curation tools are increasingly becoming a necessity for users and media owners alike. Advertisers increasingly rely on digital advertising platforms that deliver highly targeted ads and measurable performance. Regulators across most developed markets are increasingly focused on enacting and enforcing user privacy rules as well as tighter oversight of the major “walled garden” platforms. Industry participants have recently been, and likely will continue to be, impacted by changes implemented by platform leaders, such as Apple’s change to its Identifier for Advertisers policy and Google’s evolving roadmap pertaining to the use of cookies within its Chrome web browser. See Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in our 2022 Form 10-K for additional information regarding changing industry dynamics with respect to industry participants and the regulatory environment. Given our focus on innovation, the depth and length of our media partner relationships and our scale, we believe that we are well positioned in the long-term to address and potentially benefit from many of these industry dynamics. Additionally, we believe that our strength in delivering engagement and clear outcomes for advertisers aligns well with the ongoing market shift towards increased accountability and expectations of ROAS from digital advertising spend generally.

Seasonality

The global advertising industry experiences seasonal trends that affect most participants in the digital advertising ecosystem. Our revenue generally fluctuates from quarter to quarter as a result of a variety of factors, including seasonality, as many advertisers allocate the largest portion of their budgets to the fourth quarter of the calendar year to coincide with increased holiday purchasing, as well as the timing of advertising budget cycles. Historically, the fourth quarter of the year has reflected the highest levels of advertiser spending, and the first quarter generally has reflected the lowest level of advertiser spending. In addition, expenditures by advertisers tend to be cyclical and discretionary in nature, reflecting changes in brand advertising strategy, budgeting constraints, and buying patterns and a variety of other factors, many of which are outside of our control. The quarterly rate of increase in our traffic acquisition costs is generally commensurate with the quarterly rate of increase in our revenue. However, traffic acquisition costs have, at times, grown at a faster or slower rate than revenue, primarily due to the mix of the revenue generated or contracted terms with media partners. We generally expect these seasonal trends to continue, though historical seasonality may not be predictive of future results given the potential for changes in advertising buying patterns and macroeconomic conditions. These trends will affect our operating results and we expect our revenue to continue to fluctuate based on seasonal factors that affect the advertising industry as a whole.

Definitions of Financial and Performance Measures

Revenue

We generate revenue from advertisers through ads that we deliver across a variety of media partner properties. We charge advertisers for clicks on and, to a lesser extent, impressions of their ads, depending on how they choose to contract with us. We recognize revenue in the period in which the click or impression occurs.

The amount of revenue that we generate depends on the level of demand from advertisers to promote their content to users across our media partners’ properties. We generate higher revenue at times of high demand, which is also impacted by seasonal factors. For any given marketing campaign, the advertiser has the ability to adjust its price in real time and set a maximum daily spend. This allows advertisers to adjust the estimated ad spend attributable to the particular campaign. Due to the measurable performance that our advertisers achieve with us, a portion of our advertisers spend with us on an unlimited basis, as long as their ROAS objectives are met.

Our agreements with advertisers provide them with considerable flexibility to modify their overall budget, price (cost-per-click or cost-per-impression), and the ads they wish to deliver on our platform.

Traffic Acquisition Costs

We define traffic acquisition costs (“TAC”) as amounts owed to media partners for their share of the revenue we generated on their properties. We incur traffic acquisition costs in the period in which the revenue is recognized. Traffic acquisition costs are based on the media partners’ revenue share or, in some circumstances, based on a guaranteed minimum rate of payment from us in exchange for guaranteed placement of our ads on specified portions of the media partner’s digital properties. These

guaranteed rates are typically provided per thousand qualified page views, whereas our minimum monthly payment to the media partner may fluctuate based on how many qualified page views the media partner generates, subject to a maximum guarantee. As such, traffic acquisition costs may not correlate with fluctuations in revenue, and our rates may remain fixed even with a decrease in revenue. Traffic acquisition costs also include amounts payable to programmatic supply partners.

Other Cost of Revenue

Other cost of revenue consists of costs related to the management of our data centers, hosting fees, data connectivity costs and depreciation and amortization. Other cost of revenue also includes the amortization of capitalized software that is developed or obtained for internal use associated with our revenue-generating technologies.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses consist of research and development, sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses. The largest component of our operating expenses is personnel costs. Personnel costs consist of wages, benefits, bonuses, stock-based compensation and, with respect to sales and marketing expenses, sales commissions.

Research and Development. Research and development expenses are related to the development and enhancement of our platform and consist primarily of personnel and the related overhead costs, amortization of capitalized software for non-revenue generating infrastructure and facilities costs.

Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel and the related overhead costs for personnel engaged in marketing, advertising, client services, and promotional activities. These expenses also include advertising and promotional spend on media, conferences, and other events to market our services, and facilities costs.

General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel and the related overhead costs, professional fees, facilities costs, insurance, and certain taxes other than income taxes. General and administrative personnel costs include, among others, our executive, finance, human resources, information technology and legal functions. Our professional service fees consist primarily of accounting, audit, tax, legal, information technology and other consulting costs, including our implementation of and compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requirements.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net is comprised of interest income, interest expense and other income (expense), net.

Interest Expense. Interest expense consists of interest expense on the Convertible Notes, our revolving credit facility and capital leases. Interest expense may increase if we incur any borrowings under our revolving credit facility or if we enter into new debt facilities or capital leasing arrangements.

Interest Income and Other Income (Expense), net. Interest income and other income (expense), net primarily consists of interest earned on our cash, cash equivalents and investments in marketable securities, discount amortization on our investments in marketable securities, and foreign currency exchange gains and losses. Foreign currency exchange gains and losses, both realized and unrealized, relate to transactions and monetary asset and liability balances denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies, including mark-to-market adjustments on undesignated foreign exchange forward contracts. Foreign currency gains and losses may continue to fluctuate in the future due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

Provision for Income Taxes

Provision for income taxes consists of federal and state income taxes in the United States and income taxes in certain foreign jurisdictions, as well as deferred income taxes and changes in valuation allowance, reflecting the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes.

Realization of our deferred tax assets depends on the generation of future taxable income. In considering the need for a valuation allowance, we consider our historical and future projected taxable income, as well as other objectively verifiable evidence, including our realization of tax attributes, assessment of tax credits and utilization of net operating loss carryforwards.

Results of Operations

We have one operating segment, which is also our reportable segment. The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented:


	Three Months Ended June 30,					Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2022		2023			2022
	(In thousands)
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations:
Revenue	$	225,800		$	250,883	$	457,574		$	505,099
Cost of revenue:
Traffic acquisition costs	171,224			191,554		350,800			382,250
Other cost of revenue	10,555			10,610		21,598			20,199
Total cost of revenue	181,779			202,164		372,398			402,449
Gross profit	44,021			48,719		85,176			102,650
Operating expenses:
Research and development	10,041			10,519		19,352			20,947
Sales and marketing	25,896			28,122		51,644			55,517
General and administrative	15,743			12,957		31,149			28,991
Total operating expenses	51,680			51,598		102,145			105,455
Loss from operations	(7,659)			(2,879)		(16,969)			(2,805)
Other income (expense), net:
Gain on repurchase of convertible debt	22,594			—		22,594			—
Interest expense	(1,105)			(1,953)		(2,972)			(3,824)
Interest income and other income (expense), net	1,515			(3,828)		5,375			(4,909)
Total other income (expense), net	23,004			(5,781)		24,997			(8,733)
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes	15,345			(8,660)		8,028			(11,538)
Provision for income taxes	4,063			1,658		2,351			670
Net income (loss)	$	11,282		$	(10,318)	$	5,677		$	(12,208)
Other Financial Data:
Research and development as % of revenue	4.4		%	4.2%		4.2		%	4.1%
Sales and marketing as % of revenue	11.5		%	11.2%		11.3		%	11.0%
General and administrative as % of revenue	7.0		%	5.2%		6.8		%	5.7%

Ex-TAC Gross Profit(1)	$	54,576		$	59,329	$	106,774		$	122,849
Adjusted EBITDA(1)	$	3,503		$	5,864	$	4,198		$	17,472

______________________

(1)Ex-TAC Gross Profit and Adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures. See “Non-GAAP Reconciliations” in this Report for the definitions and limitations of these measures, and reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP financial measures.

Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 Compared to Three Months Ended June 30, 2022

Revenue

Revenue decreased $25.1 million or 10.0%, to $225.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 from $250.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022. Revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2023 included net favorable foreign currency effects of approximately $0.8 million. Our reported revenue decreased approximately $55.7 million due to net revenue retention of 78% on existing media partners, as we lapped the strong level of ad impressions in the prior year period, as well as continued lower yields due to weaker demand on our platform, reflecting the current macroeconomic conditions and the related impact on advertising spend. This decrease was partially offset by growth of approximately 12%, or $29.7 million, from new media partners.

See "Non-GAAP Reconciliations" for information regarding the constant currency measures provided in this discussion and below to supplement our reported results.

Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit

Traffic acquisition costs decreased $20.4 million, or 10.6%, to $171.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $191.6 million in the prior year period. The decrease in traffic acquisition costs was primarily due to lower revenue. As a percentage of revenue, traffic acquisition costs decreased 60 basis points to 75.8% for the three months ended June 30, 2023, from 76.4% for the three months ended June 30, 2022.

Other cost of revenue remained nearly flat at $10.6 million for both periods, as higher hosting fees due to continued platform improvements, including increased data processing capacity, were largely offset by lower depreciation expense on server equipment. As a percentage of revenue, other cost of revenue increased 50 basis points to 4.7% for the three months ended June 30, 2023 from 4.2% for the three months ended June 30, 2022.

Gross profit decreased $4.7 million, or 9.6%, to $44.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $48.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022, including net favorable foreign currency effects of approximately $0.5 million. This decline was attributable to the decrease in revenue, as previously described.

Ex-TAC Gross Profit

Our Ex-TAC Gross Profit decreased $4.7 million, or 8.0%, to $54.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, from $59.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022, including net favorable foreign currency effects of approximately $0.5 million. The decrease in Ex-TAC Gross Profit was primarily driven by lower revenue. See “Non-GAAP Reconciliations” for the related definition and reconciliations to our gross profit.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses increased slightly to $51.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, from $51.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022. Operating expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2023 included net favorable foreign currency effects of approximately $1.4 million, and increased $1.5 million, or 2.9%, on a constant currency basis, compared to the prior year period. The reported increase in operating expenses primarily reflected severance and related costs of $2.3 million during the three months ended June 30, 2023, increased professional fees of $1.6 million (primarily driven by the absence of the prior year period’s partial insurance recovery of regulatory matter costs), and an increase in provision for credit losses of $1.0 million. These increases were largely offset by lower personnel-related costs of $3.8 million, mainly driven by lower headcount due to our cost reduction initiatives, and a decline of $0.7 million due to the absence of expense on fully amortized intangible assets from a prior acquisition.

The components of operating expenses are discussed below:

•Research and development expenses — decreased $0.5 million, primarily due to lower personnel-related costs, offset in part by severance and related costs recorded during the three months ended June 30, 2023.

•Sales and marketing expenses — decreased $2.2 million, primarily due to lower personnel-related costs of $2.6 million and a decline of $0.7 million due to the absence of expense on fully amortized intangible assets from a prior acquisition, partially offset by $1.5 million of severance and related costs recorded during the three months ended June 30, 2023.

•General and administrative expenses — increased $2.8 million, primarily driven by higher professional fees of $1.6 million, primarily driven by the absence of the prior period’s partial insurance recovery of regulatory matter costs, partially offset by the absence of Sarbanes-Oxley implementation costs. In addition, provision for credit losses increased $1.0 million.

Operating expenses as a percentage of revenue increased 230 basis points to 22.9% for the three months ended June 30, 2023 from 20.6% for the three months ended June 30, 2022, primarily due to lower revenues and higher expenses associated with severance and related costs recorded during the three months ended June 30, 2023. We expect our ongoing operating expenses to decrease on an absolute basis due to cost saving from our global workforce reduction executed in 2023 to adjust to the continued macroeconomic uncertainty.

Total Other Income (Expense), Net

Total other income (expense), net, increased $28.8 million to income of $23.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared to an expense of $5.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022, primarily due to a pre-tax gain of approximately $22.6 million recorded during the three months ended June 30, 2023 in connection with the partial repurchase of our Convertible Notes. The increase in total other income (expense), net was also attributable to a favorable change of $3.3 million due to net unfavorable prior period mark-to-market adjustments on undesignated foreign exchange forward contracts used to manage our foreign currency exchange risk on net cash flows from our non-U.S. dollar denominated operations, $1.3 million of net investment income recorded during the three months ended June 30, 2023 in connection with our investment program initiated in July 2022, and lower interest expense of $0.8 million due to lower outstanding principal balance of Convertible Notes.

Provision for Income Taxes

Provision for income taxes was $4.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $1.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022, primarily due to a greater pre-tax income (which included a pre-tax gain of approximately $22.6 million on the partial repurchase of our Convertible Notes), partially offset by a deduction related to foreign-derived intangible income for the three months ended June 30, 2023. Our effective tax rate increased to 26.5% in the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared to (19.1)% in the three months ended June 30, 2022, which reflected the tax impact related to the profitability of non-U.S. jurisdictions combined with a loss from operations in the three months ended June 30, 2022.

A provision enacted as part of the 2017 Tax Cuts & Jobs Act requires companies to capitalize certain research and experimental expenditures for tax purposes in tax years beginning after December 31, 2021. As a result, we expect to utilize a substantial portion of our federal net operating loss carryforwards in 2023, which will result in higher cash taxes and a lower effective tax rate due to a deduction related to foreign-derived intangible income.

On August 16, 2022, the U.S. enacted the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which among other things implements a 15% minimum tax on adjusted financial statement income of certain large corporations and a 1% excise tax on net stock repurchases. Based on our current level of income and share repurchase program, this legislation is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Our future effective tax rate may be affected by the geographic mix of earnings in countries with different statutory rates. Additionally, our future effective tax rate may be affected by our ongoing assessment of the need for a valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets or liabilities, or changes in tax laws, regulations, or accounting principles, tax planning initiatives, as well as certain discrete items.

Net Income (Loss)

As a result of the foregoing, we recorded net income of $11.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, as compared to net loss of $10.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022.

Adjusted EBITDA

Our Adjusted EBITDA decreased $2.4 million to $3.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 from $5.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022, due to lower Ex-TAC Gross Profit, partially offset by lower operating expenses, as previously described. Our Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended June 30, 2023 included net favorable foreign currency effects of approximately $1.9 million. See “Non-GAAP Reconciliations” for the related definitions of Adjusted EBITDA and reconciliations to our net income.

Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 Compared to Six Months Ended June 30, 2022

Revenue

Revenue decreased $47.5 million, or 9.4%, to $457.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 from $505.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. Revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2023 included net unfavorable foreign currency effects of approximately $4.9 million, and decreased $42.6 million, or 8.4%, on a constant currency basis, compared to the prior year period. Our reported revenue decreased approximately $107.3 million due to net revenue retention of 79% on existing media partners, as we have experienced lower yields mainly due to weaker demand on our platform, reflecting the current macroeconomic conditions and the related impact on advertising spend, as well as due to unfavorable foreign currency effects. This decrease was partially offset by growth of approximately 11%, or $58.1 million, from new media partners.

See "Non-GAAP Reconciliations" for information regarding the constant currency measures provided in this discussion and below to supplement our reported results.

Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit

Traffic acquisition costs decreased $31.5 million, or 8.2%, to $350.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $382.3 million in the prior year period. Traffic acquisition costs included net favorable foreign currency effects of approximately $4.8 million, and decreased $26.7 million, or 7.0%, on a constant currency basis, compared to the prior year period. The decrease in traffic acquisition costs was lower than the decrease in our revenue due to an unfavorable revenue mix and lower performance from certain deals. As a percentage of revenue, traffic acquisition costs increased 100 basis points to 76.7% for the six months ended June 30, 2023, from 75.7% for the six months ended June 30, 2022.

Other cost of revenue increased $1.4 million, or 6.9%, to $21.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $20.2 million in the prior year period, primarily due to higher hosting fees due to continued platform improvements, including increased data processing capacity, partially offset by lower depreciation expense on server equipment. As a percentage of revenue, other cost of revenue increased 70 basis points to 4.7% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 from 4.0% for the six months ended June 30, 2022.

Gross profit decreased $17.4 million, or 17.0%, to $85.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $102.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, which was attributable to the decrease in revenue exceeding the decrease in the cost of revenue, as previously described.

Ex-TAC Gross Profit

Our Ex-TAC Gross Profit decreased $16.0 million, or 13.1%, to $106.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, from $122.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The decrease in Ex-TAC Gross Profit was primarily driven by lower revenue, as well as unfavorable revenue mix and lower performance from certain deals. See “Non-GAAP Reconciliations” for the related definition and reconciliations to our gross profit.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses decreased $3.4 million, or 3.1%, to $102.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, from $105.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. Operating expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2023 included net favorable foreign currency effects of approximately $4.5 million, and increased $1.1 million, or 1.0%, on a constant currency basis, compared to the prior year period. The reported decrease in operating expenses was primarily attributable to lower personnel-related costs of $8.3 million, mainly driven by lower headcount due to our cost reduction initiatives, a decline of $0.7 million due to the absence of expense on fully amortized intangible assets from a prior acquisition, and lower insurance costs of $0.7 million. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in the provision for credit losses of $3.9 million and severance and related costs of $3.1 million recorded during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

The components of operating expenses are discussed below:

•Research and development expenses — decreased $1.6 million, primarily due to lower personnel-related costs, offset in part by severance and related costs recorded during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

•Sales and marketing expenses — decreased $3.9 million, primarily due to lower personnel-related costs of $4.8 million mainly driven by lower headcount due to our cost reduction initiatives, and a decline of $0.7 million due to the absence of expense on fully amortized intangible assets from a prior acquisition, partially offset by $2.3 million of severance and related costs recorded during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

•General and administrative expenses — increased $2.1 million, primarily driven by an increase in the provision for credit losses of $3.9 million, partially offset by lower net personnel related costs of $0.9 million, and lower insurance costs of $0.7 million.

Operating expenses as a percentage of revenue increased 140 basis points to 22.3% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 from 20.9% for the six months ended June 30, 2022, primarily due to lower revenues and higher expenses associated with severance and related costs recorded during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Total Other Income (Expense), Net

Total other income (expense), net, increased $33.7 million, to income of $25.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to an expense of $8.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, primarily due to a pre-tax gain of approximately $22.6 million recorded during the six months ended June 30, 2023 in connection with the partial repurchase of our Convertible Notes. The increase in total other income (expense), net was also attributable to a favorable change of $3.9 million due to net unfavorable prior period mark-to-market adjustments on undesignated foreign exchange forward contracts used to manage our foreign currency exchange risk on net cash flows from our non-U.S. dollar denominated operations, $3.7 million of net investment income recorded during the three months ended June 30, 2023 in connection with our investment program initiated in July 2022, and lower interest expense of $0.8 million due to lower outstanding principal balance of Convertible Notes.

Provision for Income Taxes

Provision for income taxes was $2.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $0.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, primarily due to a higher pre-tax income (which included a pre-tax gain of approximately $22.6 million on the partial repurchase of our Convertible Notes), partially offset by a deduction related to foreign-derived intangible income for the six months ended June 30, 2023. Our effective tax rate increased to 29.3% in the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to (5.8)% in the six months ended June 30, 2022, which reflected the tax impact related to the profitability of non-U.S. jurisdictions combined with a loss from operations in the six months ended June 30, 2022.

Net Income (Loss)

As a result of the foregoing, we recorded net income of $5.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, as compared to net loss of $12.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022.

Adjusted EBITDA

Our Adjusted EBITDA decreased $13.3 million to $4.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 from $17.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, primarily due to lower Ex-TAC Gross Profit, partially offset by lower operating expenses, as previously described. Our Adjusted EBITDA for the six months ended June 30, 2023 included net favorable foreign currency effects of approximately $4.1 million. See “Non-GAAP Reconciliations” for the related definitions of Adjusted EBITDA and reconciliations to our net income.

Non-GAAP Reconciliations

Because we are a global company, the comparability of our operating results is affected by foreign exchange fluctuations. We calculate certain constant currency measures and foreign currency impacts by translating the current year’s reported amounts into comparable amounts using the prior year’s exchange rates. All constant currency financial information being presented is non-GAAP and should be used as a supplement to our reported operating results. We believe that this information is helpful to our management and investors to assess our operating performance on a comparable basis. However, these measures are not intended to replace amounts presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP and may be different from similar measures calculated by other companies.

We present Ex-TAC Gross Profit, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of Ex-TAC Gross Profit, and Free Cash Flow because they are key profitability measures used by our management and the Board to understand and evaluate our operating performance and trends, develop short-term and long-term operational plans, and make strategic decisions regarding the allocation of capital. Accordingly, we believe that these measures provide information to investors and the market in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and the Board.

These non-GAAP financial measures are defined and reconciled to the corresponding U.S. GAAP measures below. These non-GAAP financial measures are subject to significant limitations, including those identified below. In addition, other companies in our industry may define these measures differently, which may reduce their usefulness as comparative measures. As a result, this information should be considered as supplemental in nature and is not meant as a substitute for revenue, gross profit, net income (loss) or net cash provided by (used in) operating activities presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Ex-TAC Gross Profit

Ex-TAC Gross Profit is a non-GAAP financial measure. Gross profit is the most comparable GAAP measure. In calculating Ex-TAC Gross Profit, we add back other cost of revenue to gross profit. Ex-TAC Gross Profit may fluctuate in the future due to various factors, including, but not limited to, seasonality and changes in the number of media partners and advertisers, advertiser demand or user engagements.

There are limitations on the use of Ex-TAC Gross Profit in that traffic acquisition cost is a significant component of our total cost of revenue but not the only component and, by definition, Ex-TAC Gross Profit presented for any period will be higher than gross profit for that period. A potential limitation of this non-GAAP financial measure is that other companies, including companies in our industry which have a similar business, may define Ex-TAC Gross Profit differently, which may make comparisons difficult. As a result, this information should be considered as supplemental in nature and is not meant as a substitute for revenue or gross profit presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The following table presents the reconciliation of Ex-TAC Gross Profit to gross profit, the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure, for the periods presented:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Revenue	$	225,800	$	250,883	$	457,574	$	505,099
Traffic acquisition costs	(171,224)		(191,554)		(350,800)		(382,250)
Other cost of revenue	(10,555)		(10,610)		(21,598)		(20,199)
Gross profit	44,021		48,719		85,176		102,650
Other cost of revenue	10,555		10,610		21,598		20,199
Ex-TAC Gross Profit	$	54,576	$	59,329	$	106,774	$	122,849

Adjusted EBITDA

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before gain on repurchase of convertible debt; interest expense; interest income and other income (expense), net; provision for income taxes; depreciation and amortization; stock-based compensation, and other income or expenses that we do not consider indicative of our core operating performance, including, but not limited to merger and acquisition costs, certain public company implementation related costs, regulatory matter costs, and severance costs related to our cost saving initiatives. We present Adjusted EBITDA as a supplemental performance measure because we believe it facilitates operating performance comparisons from period to period.

We believe that Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and the Board. However, our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA is not necessarily comparable to non-GAAP information of other companies. Adjusted EBITDA should be considered as a supplemental measure and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for any measures of our financial performance that are calculated and reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The following table presents the reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss), the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure, for the periods presented:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Net income (loss)	$	11,282	$	(10,318)	$	5,677	$	(12,208)
Gain on repurchase of convertible debt	(22,594)		—		(22,594)		—
Interest expense	1,105		1,953		2,972		3,824
Interest income and other income (expense), net	(1,515)		3,828		(5,375)		4,909
Provision for income taxes	4,063		1,658		2,351		670
Depreciation and amortization	4,875		6,756		10,816		13,024
Stock-based compensation	3,496		3,357		6,107		6,090
Regulatory matter costs	486		(1,980)		1,096		(261)
Merger and acquisition costs, public company implementation costs (1)	—		610		—		1,424
Severance and related costs	2,305		—		3,148		—
Adjusted EBITDA	$	3,503	$	5,864	$	4,198	$	17,472

Net income (loss) as % of gross profit	25.6%		(21.2)%		6.7%		(11.9)%
Adjusted EBITDA as % of Ex-TAC Gross Profit	6.4%		9.9%		3.9%		14.2%

_________________________

(1)Primarily includes costs related to our acquisition of vi in January 2022 and public company implementation costs.

Free Cash Flow

Free cash flow is defined as cash flow provided by (used in) operating activities, less capital expenditures and capitalized software development costs. Free cash flow is a supplementary measure used by our management and the Board to evaluate our ability to generate cash and we believe it allows for a more complete analysis of our available cash flows. Free cash flow should be considered as a supplemental measure and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for any measures of our financial performance that are calculated and reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The following table presents the reconciliation of free cash flow to net cash used in operating activities.


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(18,651)	$	(1,130)
Purchases of property and equipment	(5,091)		(10,355)
Capitalized software development costs	(5,503)		(6,333)
Free cash flow	$	(29,245)	$	(17,818)

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

We regularly evaluate the cash requirements for our operations, commitments, development activities and capital expenditures and manage our liquidity risk in a manner consistent with our corporate priorities. Our current investment program is focused on achieving maximum returns within our investment policy parameters, while preserving capital and maintaining sufficient liquidity.

We believe that our cash and cash equivalents and investments will be sufficient to fund our anticipated operating expenses, capital expenditures, interest payments on our long-term debt, and planned share repurchases for at least the next 12 months and the foreseeable future. However, there are multiple factors that could impact our future liquidity, including our business performance, our ability to collect payments from our advertisers, having to pay our media partners even if our advertisers default on their payments, or other factors described under Item 1A “Risk Factors” included in this Report.

Sources of Liquidity

Our primary sources of liquidity are our cash and cash equivalents, investments in marketable securities, the available capacity under our revolving credit facility, and cash receipts from our advertisers.

While our collections during the three months ended March 31, 2023 have been negatively impacted by the closure of SVB, as discussed in the “Recent Developments” section above, we have historically experienced higher cash collections during our first quarter due to seasonally strong fourth quarter sales, and, as a result, our working capital needs typically decrease during the first quarter. We generally expect these trends to continue in future periods.

As of June 30, 2023, our available liquidity was follows:


	June 30, 2023
	(In thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents (1)	$	59,802
Short-term investments	113,168
Long-term investments	44,828
Revolving Credit Facility (2)	60,056
Total	$	277,854

_____________________________________________

(1) As of June 30, 2023, approximately $34.4 million of our cash and cash equivalents was held outside of the United States by our non-U.S. subsidiaries. We currently do not have any plans to repatriate our earnings from our foreign subsidiaries. We intend to continue to reinvest our earnings from foreign operations for the foreseeable future, and do not anticipate that we will need funds generated from foreign operations to fund our domestic operations.

(2) As discussed above in “Recent Developments,” we had a revolving credit facility (“2021 Revolving Credit Facility”) with SVB, which has been closed by the regulators. On March 27, 2023, First Citizens Bank entered into an agreement with FDIC to acquire Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, N.A., assuming all customer deposits and certain other liabilities of Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, N.A. As a result, our 2021 Revolving Credit Facility remained in effect with First Citizens Bank. The 2021 Revolving Credit Facility provides, subject to borrowing availability and certain other conditions, for revolving loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $75.0 million (the “Facility”), with a $15.0 million sub-facility for letters of credit. Our borrowing availability under the Facility is calculated by reference to a borrowing base which is determined by specified percentages of eligible accounts receivable, based on the defined borrowing formula. On July 18, 2023, we entered into a first amendment to the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility agreement by and among Silicon Valley Bank, a division of First Citizens Bank and Trust Company, to convert the borrowing rate from LIBOR to SOFR and reduce the required level of domestic cash deposits the Company is required to maintain at SVB. The Facility will terminate on the earlier of (i) November 2, 2026 or (ii) 120 days prior to the maturity date of the Convertible Senior Notes, unless the Convertible Notes have been converted to our common equity securities.

The 2021 Revolving Credit Facility contains representations and warranties, including, without limitation, with respect to collateral; accounts receivable; financials; litigation, indictment and compliance with laws; disclosure and no material adverse effect, each of which is a condition to funding. Additionally, the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility includes events of default and customary affirmative and negative covenants applicable to us and our subsidiaries, including, without limitation, restrictions on liens, indebtedness, investments, fundamental changes, dispositions, restricted payments, and prepayment of the Convertible Notes and of junior indebtedness. The 2021 Revolving Credit Facility contains a financial covenant that requires, in the event that credit extensions under the Facility equal or exceed 85% of the lesser of the available commitments under the Facility or upon the occurrence of an event of defaults, our Company to maintain a minimum consolidated monthly fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.00. We were in compliance with all of the financial covenants under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. See Note 10 to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements for information relating to our 2021 Revolving Credit Facility.

Material Cash Requirements

Our primary uses of liquidity are payments to our publishers, our operating expenses, capital expenditures, our long-term debt and the related interest payments, and repurchases under our $30 million share repurchase program. We may also use our available cash to make acquisitions or investments in complementary companies or technologies.

We primarily use our operating cash for payments due to media partners and vendors, as well as for personnel costs, and other employee-related expenditures. Our contracts with media partners are generally variable based on volume or guarantee a minimum rate of payment if the media partner reaches certain performance targets. See “Definitions of Financial and Performance Measures —Traffic Acquisition Costs.”

Long-term debt

As of December 31, 2022, we had $236.0 million principal amount of Convertible Notes, which mature on July 27, 2026, unless earlier converted, redeemed, or repurchased. Interest on the Convertible Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on January 27 and July 27 of each year, at a rate of 2.95% per year.

As discussed above in “Recent Developments,” on April 14, 2023, we repurchased $118.0 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes out of the initially issued principal balance of $236.0 million, for approximately $96.2 million in cash, including accrued interest, representing a 19% discount to par value. The remaining $118.0 million principal amount of the Convertible Notes remains outstanding and continues to be subject to the terms of the Indenture pursuant to which they were issued.

See Note 10 to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information relating to our Convertible Notes.

Other Contractual Cash Obligations

As a result of the partial repurchase of our Convertible Notes in April 2023, our remaining commitment relating to long-term debt has been reduced to $118 million, representing the remaining principal amount of the Convertible Notes due in 2026. Subsequent to the repurchase, our related interest obligations have been reduced to approximately $3.5 million per year through 2026.

See “Contractual Cash Obligations” disclosure within “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section of our 2022 Form 10-K for detailed disclosures of our other material cash obligations as of December 31, 2022.

Share Repurchases

On December 14, 2022, our Board approved a new stock repurchase program, authorizing us to repurchase up to $30 million of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share, with no requirement to purchase any minimum number of shares. The manner, timing, and actual number of shares repurchased under the program will depend on a variety of factors, including price, general business and market conditions, and other investment opportunities. Shares may be repurchased through privately negotiated transactions or open market purchases, including through the use of trading plans intended to qualify under Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act. The repurchase program may be commenced, suspended, or terminated at any time at our discretion without prior notice. During the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 we repurchased 1,513,073 shares and 1,388,317 shares, respectively, with a fair value of $7.1 million and $7.5 million, respectively, under our share repurchase program. As of June 30, 2023, the remaining availability under our $30 million share repurchase program was $22.9 million.

In addition, we periodically withhold shares to satisfy employee tax withholding obligations arising in connection with the vesting of restricted stock units and exercise of options and warrants in accordance with the terms of our equity incentive plans and the underlying award agreements. During the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, we withheld 90,267 shares and 156,501 shares, respectively, with a fair value of $0.4 million and $2.1 million, respectively, to satisfy the minimum employee tax withholding obligations.

Capital Expenditures

Our cash flow from investing activities primarily consists of capital expenditures and capitalized software development costs. We spent $5.1 million in capital expenditures during the six months ended June 30, 2023, and currently anticipate that our capital expenditures for 2023 will be between $10 million and $13 million, primarily relating to expenditures for servers and related equipment, leasehold improvements, and other equipment. However, actual amounts may vary from these estimates.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes the major components of our net cash flows for the periods presented:


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(18,651)	$	(1,130)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	79,398		(51,309)
Net cash used in financing activities	(105,277)		(7,690)
Effect of exchange rate changes	(1,246)		(3,875)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(45,776)	$	(64,004)

Operating Activities

Net cash related to operating activities decreased $17.6 million, to cash used in operating activities of $18.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, as compared to cash used in operating activities of $1.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. Net cash related to our working capital declined $13.0 million, primarily reflecting lower profitability and the timing of payments, offset in part by lower prepayments made to media partners in connection with long-term contracts. In addition, net income after non-cash adjustments declined $6.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to the same prior year period.

Our free cash flow for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was use of cash of $29.2 million, as compared to use of cash of $17.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, reflecting lower operating cash flow, as discussed above, partially offset by lower capital expenditures in the six months ended June 30, 2023. Free cash flow is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP Reconciliations” for the related definition and a reconciliation to net cash provided by operating activities.

Investing Activities

Net cash related to investing activities increased $130.7 million, to net cash provided by investing activities of $79.4 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023 from net cash used in investing activities $51.3 million in the six months ended June 30, 2022. This increase was primarily due to net proceeds of $90.3 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023 from sales and maturities of marketable securities under our investment program initiated in July 2022 (net of purchases), a higher use of cash of $34.2 million in the prior year period for consideration paid, net of cash acquired for our acquisition of vi, and lower capital expenditures of $5.3 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily attributable to higher purchases of servers and related equipment during the six months ended June 30, 2022.

Financing Activities

Net cash related to financing activities decreased $97.6 million to cash used in financing activities of $105.3 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023, from cash used in financing activities of $7.7 million in the six months ended June 30, 2022. This decrease was primarily attributable to $96.2 million of cash used to repurchase half of the Company’s Convertible Notes in April 2023, and a $3.8 million decline in proceeds from exercises of stock options and warrants, partially offset by lower treasury share repurchases of $2.0 million in the six months ended June 30, 2022.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and related disclosures. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our estimates are based on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results could differ from these estimates.

There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates as compared to those described in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” set forth in our 2022 Form 10-K.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements for recently issued accounting standards, which may have an impact on our financial statements upon adoption.

JOBS Act Transition Period

We are an emerging growth company as defined in the JOBS Act. The JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company may take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards, delaying the adoption of some accounting standards until they would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to use the extended transition period under the JOBS Act for the adoption of certain accounting standards until the earlier of the date we (i) are no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, our consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to companies that have adopted new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not currently engage in off-balance sheet financing arrangements. In addition, we do not have any interest in entities referred to as variable interest entities, which includes special purpose entities and other structured finance entities.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We have operations both in the United States and internationally, and we are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These risks include foreign exchange, interest rate, inflation, and credit risks.

Foreign Currency Risk

Our consolidated results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The majority of our revenue and cost of revenue are denominated in U.S. Dollars, with the remainder in other currencies. Our operating expenses are generally denominated in the currencies in which our operations are located. A majority of our operating expenses are denominated in U.S. Dollars, with the remainder denominated primarily in New Israeli Shekels and to a lesser extent British pound sterling and Euros. We evaluate periodically the various currencies to which we are exposed and, from time to time, may enter into foreign currency forward exchange contracts to manage our foreign currency risk and reduce the potential adverse impact from the appreciation or the depreciation of our non-U.S. dollar-denominated operations, as appropriate.

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the U.S. Dollar strengthened against most of the currencies of the countries in which we operate, which had an impact on our operating results, as further described in Item 2, “Results of Operations.” The effect of a hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in our weighted-average exchange rates on our revenue, cost of revenue and operating expenses denominated in foreign currencies would result in a $1.8 million unfavorable or favorable change to our operating income for three months ended June 30, 2023 and $3.6 million unfavorable or favorable change to our operating income for the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to market risk is interest rate sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of the interest rates in the United States. Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our cash and cash equivalents, investments, and any future borrowings under our 2021 Revolving Credit Facility. There have been no amounts outstanding under our 2021 Revolving Credit Facility since we amended and restated our loan agreement in November 2021. Long-term debt recorded on our condensed consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $118.0 million and $236.0 million, respectively, and and bears a fixed rate of interest.

As of June 30, 2023, our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our cash and cash equivalents of $59.8 million and our investments in marketable securities of $158.0 million, which consist of U.S. Treasuries, U.S. government bonds, commercial paper, and U.S. corporate bonds, with maturities from three months to two years from the date of purchase. The primary objectives of our investment program are focused on achieving maximum returns within our investment policy parameters, while preserving capital and maintaining sufficient liquidity. We plan to actively monitor our exposure to the fair value of our investment portfolio in accordance with our policies and procedures, which include monitoring market conditions, to minimize investment risk.

A 100-basis point change in interest rates as of June 30, 2023 would change the fair value of our investment portfolio by approximately $1.1 million. Since our debt investments are classified as available-for-sale, the unrealized gains and losses related to fluctuations in market volatility and interest rates are reflected within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within stockholders’ equity in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Inflation Risk

Our business is subject to risk associated with inflation. We continue to monitor the impact of inflation to minimize its effects. If our costs, including wages, were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs which could negatively impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Inflation throughout the broader economy has and could lead to reduced ad spend and indirectly harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. See Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in our 2022 Form 10-K.

Credit Risk

Financial instruments that subject us to concentration of credit risk are cash and cash equivalents, investments, and receivables. As part of our ongoing procedures, we monitor the credit levels and the financial condition of our customers in order to minimize our credit risk. We do not factor our accounts receivables, nor do we maintain credit insurance to manage the risk of credit loss. We are also exposed to a risk that the counterparty to our foreign currency forward exchange contracts will fail to meet its contractual obligations. In order to mitigate this risk, we perform an evaluation of our counterparty credit risk, and our forward contracts have a term of no more than 12 months.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our co-Chief Executive Officers (“co-CEOs”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act), as of June 30, 2023. Based on such evaluation, our co-CEOs and CFO have concluded that as of June 30, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures are designed at a reasonable assurance level and are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our co-CEOs and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes to our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended June 30, 2023 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Our management, including our co-CEOs and CFO, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and implemented, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues within a company are detected.

Part II Other Information

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Information with respect to this item may be found in Note 12 in the accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 “Financial Statements” of this Report, under “Legal Proceedings and Other Matters,” which is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to our risk factors as previously disclosed in Item 1A of Part I of the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K, which are incorporated herein by reference.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(a) Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities

None.

(b) Use of Proceeds

On July 27, 2021, we sold 8,000,000 shares of our common stock in connection with our IPO, at a public offering price of $20.00 per share for an aggregate offering price of $160.0 million. The proceeds from the sale were $145.1 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by us. The offer and sale of all of the shares in our IPO were registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-257525), which was declared effective by the SEC on July 22, 2021.

A portion of the net proceeds from our IPO has been used for working capital and general corporate purposes. In addition, the net proceeds from our IPO were used to fund the purchase price to acquire video intelligence AG.

There has been no material change in the planned use of proceeds from our IPO as described in our Prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act.

On December 14, 2022, our Board approved a share repurchase program authorizing us to repurchase up to $30 million of our common stock, with no requirement to purchase any minimum number of shares. The manner, timing, and actual number of shares repurchased under the program will depend on a variety of factors, including price, general business and market conditions, and other investment opportunities. Shares may be repurchased through privately negotiated transactions or open market purchases, including through the use of trading plans intended to qualify under Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). The repurchase program may be commenced, suspended, or terminated at any time at our discretion without prior notice.

In addition, we may from time to time withhold shares in connection with tax obligations related to vesting of restricted stock units in accordance with the terms of our equity incentive plans and the underlying award agreements. The below table sets forth the repurchases of our common stock for the three months ended June 30, 2023:


Period	(a) Total number of shares (or units) purchased (1)	(b) Average price paid per share (or unit) (2)	(c) Total number of shares (or units) purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs	(d) Maximum number (or approximate dollar value) of shares (or units) that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs (in thousands)
April 2023	23,563	$4.39	—	$23,897
May 2023	2,458	$3.72	—	$23,897
June 2023	216,044	$4.93	200,000	$22,912
TOTAL	242,065	$4.86	200,000

(1) Total number of shares purchased includes shares repurchased under our $30 million share repurchase program, as well as shares withheld to satisfy employee tax withholding obligations arising in connection with the vesting and settlement of restricted stock units under our 2007 Omnibus Securities and Incentive Plan and our 2021 Long-Term Incentive Plan.

(2) The average price paid per share under the share repurchase program includes commissions, which do not reduce the remaining authorized amount under the repurchase programs.

Item 5. Other Information.

(a) None.

(b) None.

EXHIBIT INDEX


Exhibit No.						Description
10.1						Note Repurchase Agreement, dated as of April 13, 2023, between the Company and Baupost (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 9, 2023).
10.2*						First Amendment to the Second Amended Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated July 18, 2023 by and between the Company and Silicon Valley Bank (a division of First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company.
31.1*						Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant To Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2*						Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant To Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.3*						Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant To Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1*v						Certification of the Principal Executive Officers and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant To 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS*						XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH*						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB*						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104*						Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

_______________________________

* Filed herewith.

v This certification is not deemed filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended or the Exchange Act.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized on August 8, 2023.


OUTBRAIN INC.

By:			/s/ David Kostman
			Name: David Kostman
			Title: Co-Chief Executive Officer

By:			/s/ Jason Kiviat
			Name: Jason Kiviat
			Title: Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

Document

EXECUTION VERSION

FIRST AMENDMENT TO

SECOND AMENDED AND RESTATED LOAN AND SECURITY AGREEMENT

This First Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement (this “Amendment”) is entered into and effective this 18th day of July, 2023 (the “First Amendment Effective Date”), by and between SILICON VALLEY BANK, a division of First- Citizens Bank & Trust Company (successor by purchase to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation as receiver for Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, N.A. (as successor to Silicon Valley Bank) (“Bank”) and OUTBRAIN INC., a Delaware corporation (“Outbrain” or “Lead Borrower”), ZEMANTA HOLDING USA INC., a Delaware corporation (“Zemanta Holding”) and ZEMANTA INC., a Delaware corporation (together, with Lead Borrower and Zemanta Holding, collectively, “Borrowers”, and each, a “Borrower”).

Recitals

A. Bank and Borrowers have entered into that certain Second Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement dated as of November 2, 2021 (as the same may from time to time be amended, modified, supplemented or restated, the “Loan Agreement”).

B. Bank has extended credit to Borrowers for the purposes permitted in the Loan Agreement.

C. Borrowers have requested that Bank amend the Loan Agreement to make certain revisions to the Loan Agreement as more fully set forth herein.

D. Bank has agreed to so amend certain provisions of the Loan Agreement, but only to the extent, in accordance with the terms, subject to the conditions and in reliance upon the representations and warranties set forth below.

Agreement

Now, Therefore, in consideration of the foregoing recitals and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and adequacy of which is hereby acknowledged, and intending to be legally bound, the parties hereto agree as follows:

1. Definitions. Capitalized terms used but not defined in this Amendment shall have the meanings given to them in the Loan Agreement.

2. Amendments to Loan Agreement. The Loan Agreement is hereby amended to delete or move the stricken text (indicated textually in the same manner as the following examples: stricken text or moved text), as applicable and to add or move the double underlined text (indicated textually in the same manner as the following examples: added text or moved text) as set forth in the in the pages of the Loan Agreement attached as Exhibit A hereto.

EXECUTION VERSION

3.Limitation of Amendments.

3.1The amendments set forth in Section 2 above are effective for the purposes set forth herein and shall be limited precisely as written and shall not be deemed to (a) be a consent to any amendment, waiver or modification of any other term or condition of any Loan Document, or (b) otherwise prejudice any right or remedy which Bank may now have or may have in the future under or in connection with any Loan Document.

3.2This Amendment shall constitute a Loan Document and be construed in connection with and as part of the Loan Documents and all terms, conditions, representations, warranties, covenants and agreements set forth in the Loan Documents, except as herein amended, are hereby ratified and confirmed and shall remain in full force and effect. In the event of a conflict between this Amendment and the Loan Agreement, the terms of this Amendment shall govern.

4.Waiver. Bank hereby waives any Default or Event of Default under the Loan Agreement resulting from Borrower’s failure to comply with the former Section 5.3(a) for the month ending May 31, 2023, and any other Default or Event of Default that has occurred solely as a result of the foregoing breach, in each case, prior to the date hereof. Borrower hereby acknowledges and agrees that except as specifically provided herein, nothing in this section or anywhere in this Amendment shall be deemed or otherwise construed as a waiver by Bank of any of its rights and remedies pursuant to the Loan Documents, applicable law or otherwise. In consideration for Bank’s agreements hereunder, Borrower hereby forever relieves, releases, and discharges Bank, its predecessors in interest, and their respective present or former employees, officers, directors, agents, representatives, attorneys, and each of them, from any and all claims, debts, liabilities, demands, obligations, promises, acts, agreements, costs and expenses, actions and causes of action, of every type, kind, nature, description or character whatsoever, whether known or unknown, arising out of or in any manner whatsoever connected with or related to facts, circumstances, issues, controversies or claims existing or arising from the beginning of time through and including the date of execution of this letter agreement. Borrower expressly acknowledges and waives any and all rights under Section 1542 of the California Civil Code, which provides as follows: “A GENERAL RELEASE DOES NOT EXTEND TO CLAIMS THAT THE CREDITOR OR RELEASING PARTY DOES NOT KNOW OR SUSPECT TO EXIST IN HIS OR HER FAVOR AT THE TIME OF EXECUTING THE RELEASE AND THAT, IF KNOWN BY HIM OR HER, WOULD HAVE MATERIALLY AFFECTED HIS OR HER SETTLEMENT WITH THE DEBTOR OR RELEASED PARTY.” Borrower expressly, knowingly, and intentionally waive any and all rights, benefits, and protections of Section 1542 of the California Civil Code and of any other state or federal statute or common law principle limiting the scope of a general release.

5.Representations and Warranties. To induce Bank to enter into this Amendment, Borrowers hereby represent and warrant to Bank as follows:

5.1Immediately after giving effect to this Amendment (a) the representations and warranties contained in the Loan Documents are true, accurate and complete in all material respects as of the date hereof; provided, however, that such materiality qualifier shall not be applicable to any representations and warranties that already are qualified or modified by materiality in the text thereof; and provided, further that those representations and warranties

EXECUTION VERSION

expressly referring to a specific date shall be true and correct in all material respects as of such date, and (b) no Default or Event of Default has occurred and is continuing;

5.2Borrowers have the power and authority to execute and deliver this Amendment and to perform its obligations under the Loan Agreement, as amended by this Amendment;

5.3The organizational documents, as amended, of Borrowers previously delivered to Bank remain true, accurate and complete and have not been amended, supplemented or restated and are and continue to be in full force and effect, or have otherwise been delivered by Borrowers to Bank in connection with this Amendment;

5.4The execution and delivery by Borrowers of this Amendment and the performance by Borrowers of its obligations under the Loan Agreement, as amended by this Amendment, have been duly authorized;

5.5The execution and delivery by Borrowers of this Amendment and the performance by Borrowers of their obligations under the Loan Agreement, as amended by this Amendment, do not and will not contravene (a) any law or regulation binding on or affecting Borrowers, (b) any contractual restriction with a Person binding on Borrowers, (c) any order, judgment or decree of any court or other governmental or public body or authority, or subdivision thereof, binding on Borrowers, or (d) the organizational documents of Borrowers;

5.6The execution and delivery by Borrowers of this Amendment and the performance by Borrowers of their obligations under the Loan Agreement, as amended by this Amendment, do not require any order, consent, approval, license, authorization or validation of, or filing, recording or registration with, or exemption by any governmental or public body or authority, or subdivision thereof, binding on Borrowers, except as already has been obtained or made; and

5.7This Amendment has been duly executed and delivered by Borrowers and is the binding obligation of Borrowers, enforceable against Borrowers in accordance with its terms, except as such enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, liquidation, moratorium or other similar laws of general application and equitable principles relating to or affecting creditors’ rights.

6. Integration. This Amendment and the Loan Documents represent the entire agreement about this subject matter and supersede prior negotiations or agreements. All prior agreements, understandings, representations, warranties, and negotiations between the parties about the subject matter of this Amendment and the Loan Documents merge into this Amendment and the Loan Documents.

7. Counterparts. This Amendment may be executed in any number of counterparts and all of such counterparts taken together shall be deemed to constitute one and the same instrument. Each party hereto may execute this Amendment by electronic means and recognizes and accepts the use of electronic signatures and records by any other party hereto in connection with the execution and storage hereof.

EXECUTION VERSION

8. Governing Law. This Amendment shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York, without giving effect to conflicts of laws principles.

9. Conditions Precedent. Bank’s obligations under this Amendment are subject to the condition precedent that Bank shall have received, in form and substance satisfactory to Bank, this Amendment duly executed by each party hereto.

10.Fees and Expenses. Borrower shall reimburse Bank for all unreimbursed Bank Expenses, including without limitation, all legal fees and expenses incurred in connection with this Amendment, to the extent required by the Loan Agreement.

11.Post-Closing Requirement. On or before the day that is thirty days after the First Amendment Effective Date, Borrowers shall deliver or cause to be delivered to Bank fully executed Control Agreements in favor of Bank for any accounts opened by Borrowers with a financial institution other than Bank prior to First Amendment Effective Date (other than Excluded Accounts). Failure to comply with the foregoing requirement within the time period noted shall constitute an Event of Default for which no grace or cure period shall apply.

[Signature page follows.]

EXECUTION VERSION

In Witness Whereof, the parties hereto have caused this Amendment to be duly executed and delivered as of the date first written above.

BANK BORROWER

FIRST-CITIZENS BANK & TRUST

COMPANY (successor by purchase to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation as receiver for Silicon Valley Bridge Bank,

N.A. (as successor to Silicon Valley Bank))

By: /s/ Dylan Wong

Name: Dylan Wong Title: Vice President

OUTBRAIN INC.

By: /s/ David Kostman

Name: David Kostman

Title: Co-Chief Executive Officer

ZEMANTA HOLDING USA INC.

By: /s/ David Kostman

Name: David Kostman Title: President

ZEMANTA INC.

By: /s/ David Kostman

Name: David Kostman Title: President

EXECUTION VERSION

Exhibit A

SECOND AMENDED AND RESTATED LOAN AND SECURITY AGREEMENT

THIS SECOND AMENDED AND RESTATED LOAN AND SECURITY AGREEMENT (this

“Agreement”), is dated as of November 2, 2021, by and among SILICON VALLEY BANK, a California corporation (“Bank”), OUTBRAIN INC.,division of First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company (successor by purchase to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation as receiver for Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, N.A. (as successor to Silicon Valley Bank) (“Bank”), OUTBRAIN INC., a Delaware corporation (“Outbrain” or “Lead Borrower”), ZEMANTA HOLDING USA INC., a Delaware corporation (“Zemanta Holding”) and ZEMANTA INC., a Delaware corporation (together, with Lead Borrower and Zemanta Holding, collectively, “Borrowers”, and each, a “Borrower”). This Agreement amends and restates, in its entirety, the Prior Loan Agreement. The parties agree as follows:

1LOAN AND TERMS OF PAYMENT

1.1Revolving Line.

(a) Availability. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement and to deduction of Reserves, Bank shall make Advances not exceeding the Availability Amount. Amounts borrowed under the Revolving Line may be prepaid or repaid as set forth on Schedule I hereto.

(b) Termination; Repayment. The Revolving Line terminates on the Revolving Line Maturity Date, when the outstanding principal amount of all Advances, the accrued and unpaid interest thereon, and all other outstanding Obligations relating to the Revolving Line shall be immediately due and payable (other than inchoate indemnity obligations and any other obligations which, by their express terms, are to survive the termination of this Agreement and the repayment of all Obligations).

1.2Letters of Credit Sublimit.

(a) As part of the Revolving Line, Bank shall issue or have issued Letters of Credit denominated in Dollars or a Foreign Currency for the account of the applicable Borrower or, at Bank’s discretion and subject to completion of required know-your-customer requirements, any of its Subsidiaries. The aggregate Dollar Equivalent of the face amount of outstanding Letters of Credit (including drawn but unreimbursed Letters of Credit and any Letter of Credit Reserve) may not exceed the lesser of (i) the Revolving Line or (ii) the Borrowing Base, minus the sum of all outstanding principal amounts of any Advances. In addition, the aggregate Dollar Equivalent of the face amount of Letters of Credit (including drawn but unreimbursed Letters of Credit and any Letter of Credit Reserve) which may be outstanding is as set forth on Schedule I hereto. Any amounts required hereunder to reimburse Bank for any amounts not paid by the applicable Borrower in connection with Letters of Credit will be treated as an Advance under the Revolving Line and will accrue interest at the interest rate applicable to Prime Rate Advances.

(b) If, on the Revolving Line Maturity Date (or the effective date of any termination of this Agreement), there are any outstanding Letters of Credit, then on such date Borrower shall provide to Bank cash collateral in an amount equal to at least (i) 103.0% of the face amount of all such Letters of Credit denominated in Dollars and (ii) 108.0% of the Dollar Equivalent of the face amount of all such Letters of Credit denominated in a Foreign Currency, plus, in each case, all interest, fees, and costs due or estimated by Bank to become due in connection therewith, to secure all of the Obligations relating to such Letters of Credit (other than inchoate indemnity obligations and any other obligations which, by their express terms, are to survive the termination of this Agreement and the repayment of all Obligations).

(c) All Letters of Credit shall be in form and substance acceptable to Bank, in its sole discretion, and shall be subject to the terms and conditions of Bank’s standard Application and Letter of Credit Agreement (the “Letter of Credit Application”). The applicable Borrower shall execute any further documentation in connection with the Letters of Credit as Bank may reasonably request. Borrowers shall be bound by the regulations and interpretations of the issuer of any Letters of Credit guaranteed by Bank and issued for the applicable account or by Bank’s interpretations of any Letter of Credit issued by Bank for such account. Bank shall not be liable for any error, or mistake, whether of omission or commission, in following a Borrower’s instructions or those contained in

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the Letters of Credit or any modifications, amendments, or supplements thereto other than to the extent resulting from gross negligence or willful misconduct of Bank.

(d) The obligation of Borrowers to immediately reimburse Bank for drawings made under Letters of Credit shall be absolute, unconditional, and irrevocable, and shall be performed strictly in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, such Letters of Credit, and the Letter of Credit Application.

(e) Each Borrower may request that Bank issue a Letter of Credit payable in a Foreign Currency. If a demand for payment is made under any such Letter of Credit, Bank shall treat such demand as an Advance to Borrowers (including, for the avoidance of doubt, for Letters of Credit issued hereunder for the account of their Subsidiaries) of the Dollar Equivalent of the amount thereof (plus fees and charges in connection therewith such as wire, cable, SWIFT or similar charges).

(f) To guard against fluctuations in currency exchange rates, upon the issuance of any Letter of Credit payable in a Foreign Currency, Bank shall create a reserve (the “Letter of Credit Reserve”) under the Revolving Line in an amount equal to a percentage (which percentage shall be determined by Bank in its sole discretion) of the Dollar Equivalent of the face amount of such Letter of Credit. The amount of the Letter of Credit Reserve may be adjusted by Bank from time to time to account for fluctuations in the exchange rate. The availability of funds under the Revolving Line shall be reduced by the amount of such Letter of Credit Reserve for as long as such Letter of Credit remains outstanding.

1.3 Overadvances. If, at any time, the sum of (a) the aggregate outstanding principal amount of any Advances, plus (b) the aggregate Dollar Equivalent of the face amount of outstanding Letters of Credit (including drawn but unreimbursed Letters of Credit and any Letter of Credit Reserve), exceeds the lesser of (i) the Revolving Line or (ii) the Borrowing Base, Borrowers shall pay to Bank in cash the amount of such excess (such excess, the “Overadvance”).

1.4Payment of Interest on the Credit Extensions.

(a) Interest Payments. Interest on the principal amount of each Advance is payable as set forth on Schedule I hereto.

(b) Interest Rate. Subject to Section 1.4(c), the outstanding principal amount of any Advance shall accrue interest as set forth on Schedule I hereto. Notwithstanding any terms in this Agreement to the contrary, if at any time the interest rate applicable to any Obligations is less than zero percent (0.0%), such interest rate shall be deemed to be zero percent (0.0%) for all purposes of this Agreement.

(c) Default Rate. Immediately upon the occurrence and during the continuance of a Specified Event of Default, and at the election of Bank with respect to any other Event of Default, the outstanding Obligations shall bear interest at a rate per annum which is two percent (2.0%) above the rate that is otherwise applicable thereto (the “Default Rate”). Fees and expenses which are required to be paid by Borrowers pursuant to the Loan Documents but are not paid when due shall bear interest until paid at a rate equal to the highest rate applicable to the Obligations. Payment or acceptance of the increased interest rate provided in this Section 1.4(c) is not a permitted alternative to timely payment and shall not constitute a waiver of any Event of Default or otherwise prejudice or limit any rights or remedies of Bank.

(d) Adjustment to Interest Rate. Each change in the interest rate applicable to any amounts payable under the Loan Documents based on changes to the Adjusted Term SOFR, Term SOFR or the Prime Rate, as applicable, shall be effective on the effective date of any change to the Adjusted Term SOFR, Term SOFR or the Prime Rate, as applicable and to the extent of such change.

(e) Interest Computation. Interest shall be computed as set forth on Schedule I hereto. In computing interest, the date of the making of any Credit Extension shall be included and the date of payment shall be excluded; provided, however, that if any Credit Extension is repaid on the same day on which it is made, such day shall be included in computing interest on such Credit Extension.

EXECUTION VERSION

(f) LIBOR Advances. The interest rate applicable to each LIBOR Advance shall be determined in accordance with Section 1.10(a). Subject to Sections 1.9 and 1.10, such rate shall apply during the entire Interest Period applicable to such LIBOR Advance, and interest calculated thereon shall be payable on the Interest Payment Date applicable to such LIBOR Advance.

1.5Fees. Borrowers shall pay to Bank:

(a)Facility Fee. A fully earned, non-refundable facility fee as set forth on Schedule I hereto;

(b)Letter of Credit Fee. Bank’s customary fees and expenses for the issuance or renewal of Letters of Credit, including, without limitation, a Letter of Credit Fee with respect to each Letter of Credit payable upon the issuance, each anniversary of such issuance and any renewal thereof, which shall be fully earned and non- refundable as of such date;

(c)Unused Revolving Line Facility Fee. Payable quarterly in arrears on the last calendar day of each calendar quarter occurring thereafter prior to the Revolving Line Maturity Date, and on the Revolving Line Maturity Date, a fee (the “Unused Revolving Line Facility Fee”), in an amount equal to Unused Revolving Line Facility Fee Percentage of the average unused portion of the Revolving Line, as reasonably determined by Bank, computed on the basis of a year with the applicable number of days as set forth in Section 1.4(e), which shall be fully earned and non-refundable as of such date. The unused portion of the Revolving Line, for purposes of this calculation, shall be calculated on a calendar year basis and shall equal the difference between (i) the Revolving Line, and (ii) the average for the period of the daily closing balance of the Revolving Line outstanding plus the sum of the aggregate Dollar Equivalent of the face amount of outstanding Letters of Credit (including drawn but unreimbursed Letters of Credit and any Letter of Credit Reserve);

(d) Bank Expenses. All Bank Expenses incurred through and after the Effective Date, when due (or, if no stated due date, within ten (10) days of demand by Bank).

Unless otherwise provided in this Agreement or in a separate writing by Bank, Borrowers shall not be entitled to any credit, rebate, or repayment of any fees earned by Bank pursuant to this Agreement notwithstanding any termination of this Agreement or the suspension or termination of Bank’s obligation to make loans and advances hereunder. Bank may deduct amounts owing by Borrowers under the clauses of this Section 1.5 pursuant to the terms of Section 1.6(c). Bank shall provide Lead Borrower written notice of deductions made pursuant to the terms of the clauses of this Section 1.5.

1.6Payments; Application of Payments; Debit of Accounts.

(a) All payments (including prepayments) to be made by Borrowers under any Loan Document shall be made in immediately available funds in Dollars, without setoff, counterclaim, or deduction, before 12:00 p.m. Eastern time on the date when due. Payments of principal and/or interest received after 12:00 p.m. Eastern time are considered received at the opening of business on the next Business Day. When a payment is due on a day that is not a Business Day, the payment shall be due the next Business Day, and additional fees or interest, as applicable, shall continue to accrue until paid.

(b) Bank has the exclusive right to determine the order and manner in which all payments with respect to the Obligations may be applied. Borrowers shall have no right to specify the order or the accounts to which Bank shall allocate or apply any payments required to be made by Borrowers to Bank or otherwise received by Bank under this Agreement when any such allocation or application is not specified elsewhere in this Agreement.

(c) Bank may debit the Designated Deposit Account (or, if funds in the Designated Deposit Account are insufficient or if an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, any other account of any Borrower maintained with Bank), for principal and interest payments or any other amounts Borrower owes Bank when due under the Loan Documents. These debits shall not constitute a set-off.

1.7Change in Circumstances.

EXECUTION VERSION

(a)Increased Costs. If any Change in Law shall: (i) impose, modify or deem applicable any reserve, special deposit, compulsory loan, insurance charge or similar requirement against assets of, deposits with or for the account of, or advances, loans or other credit extended or participated in by, Bank, (ii) subject Bank to any Taxes (other than (A) Indemnified Taxes, (B) Taxes described in clauses (b) through (d) of the definition of Excluded Taxes, and (C) Connection Income Taxes) on its loans, loan principal, letters of credit, commitment, or other obligations, or its deposits, reserves, other liabilities or capital attributable thereto, or (iii) impose on Bank any other condition, cost or expense (other than Taxes) affecting this Agreement or Credit Extensions made by Bank, and the result of any of the foregoing shall be to increase the cost to Bank of making, converting to, continuing or maintaining any Credit Extension (or of maintaining its obligation to make any such Credit Extension), or to reduce the amount of any sum received or receivable by Bank hereunder (whether of principal, interest or any other amount) then, upon written request of Bank, Borrowers shall promptly pay to Bank such additional amount or amounts as will compensate Bank for such additional costs incurred or reduction suffered.

(b)Capital Requirements. If, prior to the termination of this Agreement, Bank determines that any Change in Law affecting Bank regarding capital or liquidity requirements, has or would have the effect of reducing the rate of return on Bank’s capital as a consequence of this Agreement, the Revolving Line, any term loan facility, or the Credit Extensions made by Bank to a level below that which Bank would have achieved but for such Change in Law (taking into consideration Bank’s policies with respect to capital adequacy and liquidity), then from time to time upon written request of Bank, Borrowers shall promptly pay to Bank such additional amount or amounts as will compensate Bank for any such reduction suffered.

(c)Delay in Requests. Failure or delay on the part of Bank to demand compensation pursuant to this Section 1.11 shall not constitute a waiver of Bank’s right to demand such compensation; provided that Borrowers shall not be required to compensate Bank pursuant to subsection (a) for any increased costs incurred or reductions suffered more than nine (9) months prior to the date that Bank notifies Lead Borrower of the Change in Law giving rise to such increased costs or reductions (except that if the Change in Law giving rise to such increased costs or reductions is retroactive, then the nine (9) month period shall be extended to include the period of retroactive effect).

1.8Taxes.

(a)Payments Free of Taxes. Any and all payments by or on account of any obligation of Borrowers under any Loan Document shall be made without deduction or withholding for any Taxes, except as required by Applicable Law. If any Applicable Law (as determined in the good faith discretion of Lead Borrower) requires the deduction or withholding of any Tax from any such payment by Borrowers, then (i) Borrowers shall be entitled to make such deduction or withholding, (ii) Lead Borrower shall timely pay the full amount deducted or withheld to the relevant Governmental Authority in accordance with Applicable Law, and (iii) if such Tax is an Indemnified Tax, the sum payable by Borrowers shall be increased as necessary so that after such deduction or withholding has been made (including such deductions and withholdings applicable to additional sums payable under this Section 1.8) Bank receives an amount equal to the sum it would have received had no such deduction or withholding been made.

(b)Payment of Other Taxes by Borrowers. Without limiting the provisions of subsection (a) above, Borrowers shall timely pay any Other Taxes to the relevant Governmental Authority in accordance with Applicable Law.

(c)Tax Indemnification. Without limiting the provisions of subsections (a) and (b) above, Lead Borrower shall, and does hereby, indemnify Bank, within ten (10) days after demand therefor, for the full amount of any Indemnified Taxes (including Indemnified Taxes imposed or asserted on or attributable to amounts payable under this Section 1.8) payable or paid by Bank or required to be withheld or deducted from a payment to Bank and any reasonable expenses arising therefrom or with respect thereto, whether or not such Indemnified Taxes were correctly or legally imposed or asserted by the relevant Governmental Authority. A certificate as to the amount of such payment or liability delivered to Lead Borrower by Bank shall be conclusive absent manifest error.

(d)Evidence of Payments. As soon as practicable after any payment of Taxes by Borrowers to a Governmental Authority pursuant to this Section 1.8, Lead Borrower shall deliver to Bank a certified copy of a

EXECUTION VERSION

receipt issued by such Governmental Authority evidencing such payment, a copy of the return reporting such payment or other evidence of such payment reasonably satisfactory to Bank.

(e)Status of Bank. If Bank (including any assignee or successor) is entitled to an exemption from or reduction of withholding tax with respect to payments made under any Loan Document, it shall deliver to Borrowers, at the time or times reasonably requested by Lead Borrower, such properly completed and executed documentation reasonably requested by Lead Borrower as will permit such payments to be made without withholding or at a reduced rate of withholding. In addition, Bank, if reasonably requested by Lead Borrower, shall deliver such other documentation prescribed by Applicable Law or reasonably requested by Lead Borrower as will enable Borrowers to determine whether or not Bank is subject to backup withholding or information reporting requirements. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, Bank shall deliver whichever of IRS Form W-9, IRS Form W-8BEN- E, IRS Form W-8ECI or W-8IMY is applicable, as well as any applicable supporting documentation or certifications.

(f)Treatment of Certain Refunds. If Bank determines, in its sole discretion exercised in good faith, that it has received a refund of any Taxes as to which it has been indemnified pursuant to this Section (including by the payment of additional amounts pursuant to this Section), it shall pay to Borrower an amount equal to such refund (but only to the extent of indemnity payments made under this Section with respect to the Taxes giving rise to such refund), net of all out-of-pocket expenses (including Taxes) of Bank and without interest (other than any interest paid by the relevant Governmental Authority with respect to such refund). Borrower, upon the request of Bank, shall repay to Bank the amount paid over pursuant to this paragraph (f) (plus any penalties, interest or other charges imposed by the relevant Governmental Authority) in the event that Bank is required to repay such refund to such Governmental Authority. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this paragraph (f), in no event will Bank be required to pay any amount to Borrower pursuant to this paragraph (f) the payment of which would place Bank in a less favorable net after-Tax position than Bank would have been in if the Tax subject to indemnification and giving rise to such refund had not been deducted, withheld or otherwise imposed and the indemnification payments or additional amounts with respect to such Tax had never been paid. This paragraph shall not be construed to require Bank to make available its Tax returns (or any other information relating to its Taxes that it deems confidential) to Borrower or any other Person.

1.9Procedures for Borrowing.

(a)Subject to the prior satisfaction of all other applicable conditions to the making of an Advance set forth in this Agreement, an Advance (other than under Section 1.2) shall be made upon Lead Borrower’s (via an individual duly authorized by an Administrator) irrevocable written notice delivered to Bank in the form of a Notice of Borrowing or without instructions if any Advances are necessary to meet Obligations which have become due; provided, however, that any such notice may state that it is conditioned upon the occurrence or non-occurrence of any event specified therein, in which case such notice may be revoked by the Lead Borrower (by written notice to Bank on or prior to the specified effective date) if such condition is not satisfied. The Notice of Borrowing shall be made by Lead Borrower through Bank’s online banking program, provided, however, if Lead Borrower is not utilizing Bank’s online banking program, then such Notice of Borrowing shall be in the form attached hereto as Exhibit B and shall be executed by an Authorized Signer. The Notice of Borrowing must be received by Bank prior to 12:00 p.m. EasternPacific time, (ia) at least three (3) U.S. Government Securities Business Days prior to the requested Funding Date, in the case of any LIBORSOFR Advance, and (iib) on the requested Funding Date, in the case of a Prime Rate Advance, and in each case specifying: (1i) the amount of the Advance; (2ii) the requested Funding Date; and (3(iii) whether the Advance is to be comprised of LIBOR AdvanceSOFR Advances or Prime Rate Advance. Notwithstanding any terms in this Agreement to Advances; and (iv) the contrary, each LIBOR Advance shall not be less than One Million Dollars ($1,000,000.00) and shall be in a multipleduration of One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000.00). In addition to the Interest Period applicable to any such Notice of BorrowingSOFR Advances included in such notice. If no Interest Period is specified with respect to any requested SOFR Advance, Lead Borrower shall promptly deliverbe deemed to Bank by electronic mail or through Bank’s online banking program accounts receivable aging reports, as Bank may reasonably requesthave selected an Interest Period of one month’s duration.

(b)Bank shall credit proceeds of a Credit Extension to the Designated Deposit Account. Bank may make Advances under this Agreement based on instructions from an Authorized Signer or without instructions if such Advances are necessary to meet Obligations which have become due.

1.10Conversion and Continuation Elections.

EXECUTION VERSION

1.10 So long as (i) no Event of Default exists; (ii) Borrowers shall not have sent any notice of termination of this Agreement; and (iii) Borrowers shall have complied with such customary procedures as Bank has establishedRates. Bank does not warrant or accept responsibility for, and shall not have any liability with respect to, (a) the continuation of, administration of, submission of, calculation of or any other matter related to the Prime Rate, the Term SOFR Reference Rate, Adjusted Term SOFR, Term SOFR, any component definition thereof or rates referred to in the definition thereof, or any alternative, successor or replacement rate thereto, including whether the composition or characteristics of any such alternative, successor or replacement rate will be similar to, or produce the same value or economic equivalence of, or have the same volume or liquidity as, the Prime Rate, the Term SOFR Reference Rate, Adjusted Term SOFR, Term SOFR or any other benchmark prior to its discontinuance or unavailability, or (b) the effect, implementation or composition of any Conforming Changes. Bank and its affiliates or other related entities may engage in transactions that affect the calculation of the Prime Rate, the Term SOFR Reference Rate, Adjusted Term SOFR, Term SOFR, any alternative, successor or replacement rate or any relevant adjustments thereto, in each case, in a manner adverse to Borrowers. Bank may select information sources or services in its reasonable discretion to ascertain the Prime Rate, the Term SOFR Reference Rate, Adjusted Term SOFR, Term SOFR or any other benchmark, in each case, pursuant to the terms of this Agreement, and shall have no liability to Borrowers or any other Person for damages of any kind, including direct or indirect, special, punitive, incidental or consequential damages, costs, losses or expenses (whether in tort, contract or otherwise and whether at law or in equity), for any error or calculation of any such rate (or component thereof) provided by any such information source or service.

(a)Conforming Changes. In connection with the use or administration of any benchmark rate, Bank will have the right to make Conforming Changes from time to time for Borrowers’ requests for LIBOR Advances, Lead Borrower may, upon irrevocable written notice to Bank:

(1)elect to convert on any Business Day, Prime Rate Advances into LIBOR Advances;

(2)elect to continue on any Interest Payment Date any LIBOR Advances maturing on such Interest Payment Date; or

(3)elect to convert on any Interest Payment Date any LIBOR Advances maturing on such Interest Payment Date into Prime Rate Advances.

(b) Lead Borrower shall deliver a Notice of Conversion/Continuation by electronic mail via Bank’s online banking program, provided, however, if Lead Borrower is not utilizing Bank’s online banking program, then such Notice of Conversion/Continuation shall be in the form attached hereto as Exhibit C and shall be executed by an Authorized Signer. The Notice of Conversion/Continuation is to be received by Bank prior to 12:00 p.m. Eastern time (i) at least three (3) Business Days in advance of the Conversion Date or Continuation Date, if any Advances are to be converted into or continued as LIBOR Advances; and (ii) on the Conversion Date, if any Advances are to be converted into Prime Rate Advances, in each case specifying the:

(1)proposed Conversion Date or Continuation Date;

(2)aggregate amount of the Advances to be converted or continued;

(3)nature of the proposed conversion or continuation; and

(4)if the resulting Advance is to be a LIBOR Advance, the duration of the requested Interest Period.

(c) If upon the expiration of any Interest Period applicable to any LIBOR Advances, Lead Borrower shall have timely failed to select a new Interest Period to be applicable to such LIBOR Advances or request to convert a LIBOR Advance into a Prime Rate Advance, Lead Borrower shall be deemed to have elected to renew such Advance as a one (1) month LIBOR Advance.

EXECUTION VERSION

(d)Any LIBOR Advances shall, at Bank’s option, convert into Prime Rate Advances in the event that (i) an Event of Default exists, or (ii) the aggregate principal amount of the Prime Rate Advances which have been previously converted to LIBOR Advances, or the aggregate principal amount of existing LIBOR Advances continued, as the case may be, at the beginning of an Interest Period shall at any time during such Interest Period exceeds the lesser of the Revolving Line or the Borrowing Base. Borrowers agree to pay Bank, upon demand by Bank (or Bank may, at its option, debit the Designated Deposit Account (or, if funds in the Designated Deposit Account are insufficient or if an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, any other account of any Borrower maintained with Bank)) any amounts required to compensate Bank for any loss (including loss of anticipated profits), cost, or expense incurred by Bank, as a result of the conversion of LIBOR Advances to Prime Rate Advances pursuant to this Section 1.10(d).

(e) Notwithstanding, notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, Bank shall not be required to purchase Dollar deposits in the London interbank market or other applicable LIBOR market to fund any LIBOR Advances, but the provisions hereof shall be deemed to apply as if Bank had purchased such deposits to fund the LIBOR Advances.

1.11 Special Provisions Governing LIBOR Advances. Notwithstanding or in any other provision of this Agreement to the contrary, the following provisions shall govern with respect to LIBOR Advances as to the matters covered:

(a)Determination of Applicable Interest Rate. As soon as practicable on each Interest Rate Determination Date, Bank shall determine (which determination shall, absent manifest error in calculation, be final, conclusive and binding upon all parties) the interest rate that shall apply to the LIBOR Advances for which an interest rate is then being determined for the applicable Interest Period and shall promptly give notice thereof (in writing or by telephone confirmed in writing) to Lead Borrower.

(b)Inability to Determine Applicable Interest Rate.

(i)In the event that Bank shall have determined (which determination shall be final and conclusive and binding upon all parties hereto), on any Interest Rate Determination Date with respect to any LIBOR Advance, that by reason of circumstances affecting the London interbank market adequate and fair means do not exist for ascertaining the interest rate applicable to such LIBOR Advance on the basis provided for in the definition of LIBOR, Bank shall on such date give notice to Lead Borrower of such determination, whereupon (A) no Advances may be made as, or converted to, LIBOR Advances until such time as Bank notifies Lead Borrower that the circumstances giving rise to such notice no longer exist, and (B) any Notice of Borrowing or Notice of Conversion/Continuation given by Lead Borrower with respect to LIBOR Advances in respect of which such determination was made shall be deemed to be Prime Rate Advances unless such Notice of Borrowing or Notice of Conversion/Continuation shall be rescinded by Lead Borrower in writing within one (1) Business Day of Bank’s giving of notice of its inability to determine the applicable interest rate for LIBOR Advances pursuant to this Section 1.11(b)(i).

(ii)If at any time Bank determines (which determination shall be conclusive absent manifest error) that (A) the circumstances set forth in Section 1.11(b)(i) have arisen and such circumstances are unlikely to be temporary; or (B) the circumstances set forth in Section 1.11(b)(i) have not arisen but the supervisor for the administrator of the LIBOR reporting system or a Governmental Authority having jurisdiction over Bank has made a public statement announcing that such administrator has ceased or will cease to provide LIBOR, permanently or indefinitely, or that LIBOR is no longer representative, then Bank shall determine an alternate rate of interest to LIBOR and a spread adjustment mechanism that gives due consideration to (1) any selection or recommendation of a replacement rate or the mechanism for determining such a rate or spread adjustment mechanism by the Federal Reserve Board of Governors and/or a committee officially endorsed or convened by the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, or any successor thereto and/or (2) any evolving or then-prevailing market convention for determining a rate of interest as a replacement to LIBOR for similarly situated loans in the United States at such time, and Bank shall amend this Agreement to reflect such alternate rate of interest, such spread adjustment, and such other related changes to this Agreement as may be applicable; provided that if such alternate rate of interest shall be less than zero, such rate shall be deemed to be zero for the purposes of this Agreement. Bank shall provide Lead Borrower with notice of such amendment. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in Section 11.6, such amendment shall Loan Document, any

EXECUTION VERSION

amendments implementing such Conforming Changes will become effective at 5:00 p.m. Eastern time on the tenth (10th) Business Day after Bank has provided such amendment to Lead Borrower without any further action or consent of Lead Borrower, so long as Bank has not received, by such time, written notice of objection to such amendment from Lead Borrower. In the event that Lead Borrower objects to such amendment, Bank and Lead Borrower shall endeavor to agree on an alternate rate of interest that is mutually acceptable. Until an alternate rate of interest shall be determined in accordance with this Section 1.11(b)(ii) (but in the case of the circumstances described in clause (B) of the first sentence of this Section 1.11(b)(ii), only to the extent that LIBOR for such Interest Period is not available or published at such time on a current basis), (x) any LIBOR Advances requested to be made shall be made as Prime Rate Advances, and (y) any outstanding LIBOR Advances shall be converted, on the last day of the then-current Interest Period, to Prime Rate Advances.

(c)Compensation for Breakage or Non-Commencement of Interest Periods. If (i) for any reason, other than a default by Bank or any failure of Bank to fund LIBOR Advances due to impracticability or illegality under Sections 1.12(c) and 1.12(d) of this Agreement, a borrowing or a conversion to or continuation of any LIBOR Advance does not occur on a date specified in a Notice of Borrowing or a Notice of Conversion/Continuation, including, for the avoidance of doubt, if such Notice of Borrowing was conditioned and was revoked prior to the borrowing date specified therein as the case may be, or (ii) any complete or partial principal payment or reduction of a LIBOR Advance, or any conversion of any LIBOR Advance, occurs on a date prior to the last day of an Interest Period applicable to that LIBOR Advance, including due to voluntary or mandatory prepayment or acceleration, then, in each case, Borrowers shall compensate Bank, upon written request by Bank, for all losses and expenses incurred by Bank in an amount equal to the excess, if any, of:

(A) the amount of interest that would have accrued on the amount (1) not borrowed, converted or continued as provided in clause (i) above, or (2) paid, reduced or converted as provided in clause (ii) above, for the period from (y) the date of such failure to borrow, convert or continue as provided in clause (i) above, or the date of such payment, reduction or conversion as provided in clause (ii) above, as the case may be, to (z) in the case of a failure to borrow, convert or continue as provided in clause (i) above, the last day of the Interest Period that would have commenced on the date of such borrowing, conversion or continuing but for such failure, and in the case of a payment, reduction or conversion prior to the last day of an Interest Period applicable to a LIBOR Advance as provided in clause (ii) above, the last day of such Interest Period, in each case at the applicable rate of interest or other return for such LIBOR Advance(s) provided for herein (excluding, however, the LIBOR Rate Margin included therein, if any), over

(B) the interest which would have accrued to Bank on the applicable amount provided in clause (A) above through the purchase of a Eurodollar deposit bearing interest at the rate obtained pursuant to the definition of LIBOR Rate on the date of such failure to borrow, convert or continue as provided in clause (i) above, or the date of such payment, reduction or conversion as provided in clause (ii) above, as the case may be, for a period equal to the remaining period of such applicable Interest Period provided in clause (A) above.

Bank’s request shall set forth the manner and method of computing such compensation and such determination as to such compensation shall be conclusive absent manifest error.

(d)Assumptions Concerning Funding of LIBOR Advances. Calculation of all amounts payable to Bank under this Section 1.11 and under Section 1.12 shall be made as though Bank had actually funded each relevant LIBOR Advance through the purchase of a Eurodollar deposit bearing interest at the rate obtained pursuant to the definition of LIBOR Rate in an amount equal to the amount of such LIBOR Advance and having a maturity comparable to the relevant Interest Period; provided, however, that Bank may fund each of its LIBOR Advances in any manner it sees fit and the foregoing assumptions shall be utilized only for the purposes of calculating amounts payable under this Section 1.11 and under Section 1.12.

(e)LIBOR Advances After an Event of Default. After the occurrence and during the continuance of an Event of Default, (i) Lead Borrower may not elect to have an Advance be made or continued as, or converted to, a LIBOR Advance after the expiration of any Interest Period then in effect for such Advance and (ii) subject to the provisions of Section 1.11(c), any Notice of Conversion/Continuation given by Lead Borrower with

EXECUTION VERSION

respect to a requested conversion/continuation that has not yet occurred shall, at Bank’s option, be deemed to be rescinded by Lead Borrower and be deemed a request to convert or continue Advances referred to therein as Prime Rate Advances.

1.12Additional Requirements/Provisions Regarding LIBOR Advances.

(a)Without duplication of amounts paid pursuant to Section 1.7(a), Borrowers shall pay Bank, upon demand by Bank, from time to time such amounts as Bank may determine to be necessary to compensate it for any costs incurred by Bank that Bank determines are attributable to its making or maintaining of any amount receivable by Bank hereunder in respect of any LIBOR Advances relating thereto (such increases in costs and reductions in amounts receivable being herein called “Additional Costs”), in each case resulting from any Regulatory Change which:

(i)changes the basis of taxation of any amounts payable to Bank under this Agreement in respect of any LIBOR Advances (other than changes which affect taxes measured by or imposed on the overall net income of Bank by the jurisdiction in which Bank has its principal office);

(ii)imposes or modifies any reserve, special deposit or similar requirements relating to any extensions of credit or other assets of, or any deposits with, or other liabilities of Bank (including any LIBOR Advances or any deposits referred to in the definition of LIBOR); or

(iii)imposes any other condition affecting this Agreement (or any of such extensions of credit

or liabilities).

Bank will any other party to any Loan Document. Bank will promptly notify Lead Borrower of any event occurring after the Effective Date which will entitle Bank to compensation pursuant to this Section 1.12(a) as promptly as practicable after it obtains knowledge thereof and determines to request such compensation. Bank will furnish Lead Borrower with a statement setting forth the basis and amount of each request by Bank for compensation under this Section 1.12(a). Determinations and allocations by Bank for purposes of this Section 1.12(a) of the effect of any Regulatory Change on its costs of maintaining its obligations to make LIBOR Advances, of making or maintaining LIBOR Advances, or on amounts receivable by it in respect of LIBOR Advances, and of the additional amounts required to compensate Bank in respect of any Additional Costs, shall be conclusive absent manifest error.

(b)Without duplication of amounts paid pursuant to Section 1.7(b), if, prior to the termination of this Agreement, Bank shall determine that the adoption or implementation of any applicable law, rule, regulation, or treaty regarding capital adequacy, or any change therein, or any change in the interpretation or administration thereof by any governmental authority, central bank, or comparable agency charged with the interpretation or administration thereof, or compliance by Bank (or its applicable lending office) with any request or directive regarding capital adequacy (whether or not having the force of law) of any such authority, central bank, or comparable agency, has or would have the effect of reducing the rate of return on capital of Bank or any person or entity controlling Bank (a “Parent”) as a consequence of its obligations hereunder to a level below that which Bank (or its Parent) could have achieved but for such adoption, change, or compliance (taking into consideration policies with respect to capital adequacy) by an amount deemed by Bank to be material, then from time to time, within ten (10) days after demand by Bank, Borrowers shall pay to Bank such additional amount or amounts as will compensate Bank for such reduction. A statement of Bank claiming compensation under this Section 1.12(b) and setting forth the additional amount or amounts to be paid to it hereunder shall be conclusive absent manifest error.

Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 1.12, Borrowers shall not be required to compensate Bank pursuant to this Section 1.12(b) for any amounts incurred more than nine (9) months prior to the date that Bank notifies Lead Borrower of Bank’s intention to claim compensation therefor; provided that if the circumstances giving rise to such claim have a retroactive effect, then such nine-month period shall be extended to include the period of such retroactive effect.

(c)(a) [Reserved].

EXECUTION VERSION

(d)1.11 If it shall become unlawful for Bank to continue to fund or maintain any LIBOR Advances, or to perform its obligations hereunder, upon written notice from Bank, Lead Borrower shall be deemed to have elected to convert such LIBOR Advance to a Prime Rate Advance and shall be obligated to pay amounts set forth in Section 1.11(c)(ii) in connection therewith. Notwithstanding the foregoing, to the extent a determination by Bank as described above relates to a LIBOR Advance then being requested by Lead Borrower pursuant to a Notice of Borrowing or a Notice of Conversion/Continuation, Lead Borrower shall have the option, subject to the provisions of Section 1.11(c)(ii), to (i) rescind such Notice of Borrowing or Notice of Conversion/Continuation by giving notice (by electronic means or by telephone confirmed in writing) to Bank of such rescission on the date on which Bank gives notice of its determination as described above, or (ii) modify such Notice of Borrowing or Notice of Conversion/Continuation to obtain a Prime Rate Advance or to have outstanding Advances converted into or continued as Prime Rate Advances by giving notice (by electronic means or by telephone confirmed in writing) to Bank of such modification on the date on which Bank gives notice of its determination as described abovethe effectiveness of any Conforming Changes in connection with the use or administration of such benchmark rate.

2CONDITIONS OF EFFECTIVENESS AND CREDIT EXTENSIONS

2.1 Conditions Precedent to Effectiveness of Agreement. The effectiveness of this Agreement is subject to the condition precedent that Bank shall have received, in form and substance satisfactory to Bank, such documents, and completion of such other matters, as Bank may reasonably deem necessary or appropriate, including, without limitation:

(a)duly executed Loan Documents;

(b)the Operating Documents of each Borrower and long-form good standing certificates of each Borrower certified by the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware and the Secretary of State (or equivalent agency) of each other jurisdiction where the failure to be so qualified or in good standing would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, in each case as of a date no earlier than 30 days prior to the Effective Date;

(c)certificate duly executed by a Responsible Officer or secretary of each Borrower with respect to such Borrower’s (i) Operating Documents and (ii) Borrowing Resolutions;

(d)certified copies, dated as of a recent date, of searches for financing statement filed in the central filing office of the State of Delaware, accompanied by written evidence (including any UCC termination statements) that the Liens indicated in any such financing statements either constitute Permitted Liens or have been or, in connection with the initial Credit Extension, will be terminated or released;

(e)duly executed Perfection Certificates of Lead Borrower;

(f)a legal opinion of Borrowers’ counsel dated as of the Effective Date;

(g)evidence satisfactory to Bank that the insurance policies required by Section 5.8 hereof are in full force and effect;

(h)with respect to the initial Advance, a completed Borrowing Base Statement (and any schedules related thereto and including any other information requested by Bank with respect to Borrowers’

Accounts); and

(i)payment of the fees and Bank Expenses then due as specified in Section 1.5 hereof.

2.2Conditions Precedent to all Credit Extensions. Bank’s obligation to make each Credit Extension, including the initial Credit Extension, is subject to the following conditions precedent:

(a)receipt of Lead Borrower’s Credit Extension request and the related materials and documents as required by and in accordance with Section 1.9; and

EXECUTION VERSION

(b)the representations and warranties in this Agreement shall be true and correct in all material respects as of the date of any Credit Extension request and as of the Funding Date of each Credit Extension; provided, however, that such materiality qualifier shall not be applicable to any representations and warranties that already are qualified or modified by materiality in the text thereof; and provided, further that those representations and warranties expressly referring to a specific date shall be true and correct in all material respects as of such date, and no Default or Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing or result from the Credit Extension. Each Credit Extension is Borrowers’ representation and warranty on that date that the representations and warranties in this Agreement remain true and correct in all material respects; provided, however, that such materiality qualifier shall not be applicable to any representations and warranties that already are qualified or modified by materiality in the text thereof; and provided, further that those representations and warranties expressly referring to a specific date shall be true and correct in all material respects as of such date.

2.3Conversion and Continuation Elections; Limitations on SOFR Tranches.

(a)Lead Borrower may elect from time to time to convert SOFR Advances to Prime Rate Advances by giving Bank prior notice in a Notice of Conversion/Continuation of such election no later than 12:00

p.m. Pacific time one (1) Business Day prior to the proposed conversion date; provided that any such conversion of SOFR Advances may only be made on the last day of an Interest Period with respect thereto. Lead Borrower may elect from time to time to convert Prime Rate Advances to SOFR Advances by giving Bank prior notice in a Notice of Conversion/Continuation of such election no later than 12:00 p.m. Pacific time three (3) U.S. Government Securities Business Days prior to the proposed conversion date (which notice shall specify the length of the initial Interest Period therefor); provided that no Prime Rate Advance may be converted into a SOFR Advance when any Event of Default has occurred and is continuing. If no Interest Period is specified with respect to any SOFR Advance in a Notice of Conversion/Continuation delivered by Lead Borrower to Bank, Borrowers shall be deemed to have selected an Interest Period of one month’s duration.

(b)Lead Borrower may elect from time to time to continue any SOFR Advance by giving Bank prior notice of such election in a Notice of Conversion/Continuation, in accordance with the applicable provisions of the term “Interest Period”, of the length of the next Interest Period to be applicable to such SOFR Advance; provided that no SOFR Advance may be continued as such when any Event of Default has occurred and is continuing; provided further that (x) if Lead Borrower shall fail to give any required notice as described above in this paragraph, upon the expiration of the then current Interest Period, such SOFR Advances shall be automatically continued as SOFR Advances bearing interest at a rate based upon the Adjusted Term SOFR and with an Interest Period of the same length as then expiring Interest Period or (y) if such continuation is not permitted pursuant to the preceding proviso, such SOFR Advances shall be automatically converted to Prime Rate Advances on the last day of such then expiring Interest Period.

(c)Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any Loan Document, each request for or conversion to a SOFR Advance shall be equal to $1,000,000 or a whole multiple of $100,000 in excess thereof (or, if the then aggregate Availability Amount is less than $1,000,000, such lesser amount). Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any Loan Document, all borrowings, conversions and continuations of SOFR Advances and all selections of Interest Periods shall be in such amounts and be made pursuant to such elections so that, (i) after giving effect thereto, the aggregate principal amount of the SOFR Advances comprising each SOFR Tranche shall be equal to $1,000,000 or a whole multiple of $100,000 in excess thereof (or such lesser amount as shall represent all of the SOFR Advances then outstanding), and (ii) no more than seven SOFR Tranches shall be outstanding at any one time.

(d)After the occurrence and during the continuance of an Event of Default, (i) Lead Borrower may not elect to have an Advance be made or continued as, or converted to, a SOFR Advance, after the expiration of any Interest Period then in effect for such Advance, and (ii) any Notice of Conversion/Continuation given by Lead Borrower with respect to a requested conversion/continuation that has not yet occurred shall, at Bank’s option, be deemed to be rescinded by Lead Borrower and be deemed a request to convert or continue Advances, referred to therein as Prime Rate Advances.

(e)Subject to the prior satisfaction of all other applicable conditions to the conversion or continuation of an Advance set forth in this Agreement, a Notice of Conversion/Continuation of a SOFR Advance that requests a conversion of a Prime Rate Advance to a SOFR Advance, continuation of a SOFR Advance or

EXECUTION VERSION

conversion of a SOFR Advance to a Prime Rate Advance must specify: (i) the amount of the Advance to be converted or continued; (ii) the requested conversion or continuation date; (iii) the nature of the proposed conversion or continuation; (iv) in the case of a continuation of a SOFR Advance or a conversion of a Prime Rate Advance to a SOFR Advance, the duration of the Interest Period applicable for such Advance; and (v) any other information requested on the form of Notice of Conversion/Continuation. In the case of a continuation of a SOFR Advance or a conversion of a Prime Rate Advance to a SOFR Advance, if no Interest Period is specified in such Notice of Conversion/Continuation, an Interest Period of one month’s duration shall be deemed to have been selected.

2.4 Special Provisions Governing SOFR Advances. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement to the contrary, the following provisions shall govern with respect to SOFR Advances as to the matters covered herein:

(a)Inability to Determine Interest Rates. Subject to Section 2.4(b), as of any date,

(i)if Bank determines (which determination shall be conclusive and binding absent manifest error) that “Adjusted Term SOFR” cannot be determined pursuant to the definition thereof; or

(ii) Bank determines that for any reason in connection with any request for a SOFR Advance or a conversion thereto or a continuation thereof that “Adjusted Term SOFR” for any requested Interest Period with respect to a proposed SOFR Advance does not adequately and fairly reflect the cost to Bank of making and maintaining such Advance;

Bank will promptly so notify Lead Borrower. Upon notice thereof by Bank to Lead Borrower, any obligation of Bank to make and any right of Lead Borrower to continue SOFR Advances or to convert Prime Rate Advances to SOFR Advances shall be suspended (to the extent of the affected Interest Periods) until Bank revokes such notice. Upon receipt of such notice, (x) Lead Borrower may revoke any pending request for a borrowing of, conversion to or continuation of SOFR Advances (to the extent of the affected Interest Periods) or, failing that, Borrowers will be deemed to have converted any such request into a request for an Advance of or conversion to Prime Rate Advances in the amount specified therein and (y) any outstanding affected SOFR Advances will be deemed to have been converted into Prime Rate Advances at the end of the applicable Interest Period. Upon any such conversion, Borrowers shall also pay accrued interest on the amount so converted, together with any additional amounts required pursuant to Section 2.4(c).

(b) Benchmark Replacement Setting. If at any time Bank determines (which determination shall be conclusive absent manifest error) that (A) the circumstances set forth in Section 2.4(a) have arisen and such circumstances are unlikely to be temporary; or (B) the circumstances set forth in Section 2.4(a) have not arisen but the supervisor for the Term SOFR Administrator or a Governmental Authority having jurisdiction over Bank has made a public statement announcing that the Term SOFR Administrator has ceased or will cease to provide the Term SOFR Reference Rate, permanently or indefinitely (provided that, at the time of such statement, there is no successor administrator that will continue to provide the Term SOFR Reference Rate), or that the Term SOFR Reference Rate is no longer representative, then Bank shall determine an alternate rate of interest to the Term SOFR Reference Rate and a spread adjustment mechanism that gives due consideration to (1) any selection or recommendation of a replacement rate or the mechanism for determining such a rate or spread adjustment mechanism by the Federal Reserve Board of Governors or the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and/or a committee officially endorsed or convened by the Federal Reserve Board of Governors or the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, or any successor thereto and/or

(2) any evolving or then-prevailing market convention for determining a rate of interest as a replacement to the Term SOFR Reference Rate for similarly situated loans in the United States at such time, and Bank shall amend this Agreement to reflect such alternate rate of interest, such spread adjustment, and other Conforming Changes as may be applicable; provided that if such alternate rate of interest shall be less than zero, such rate shall be deemed to be zero for the purposes of this Agreement. Bank shall provide Lead Borrower with notice of such amendment. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in Section 11.6 (Amendments in Writing; Waiver; Integration), such amendment shall become effective at 5:00 p.m. Pacific time on the tenth (10th) Business Day after Bank has provided such amendment to Lead Borrower without any further action or consent of Borrowers, so long as Bank has not received, by such time, written notice of objection to such amendment from Lead Borrower. In the event that Lead Borrower objects to such amendment, Bank and Lead Borrower shall endeavor to agree on an alternate rate of interest that is mutually acceptable. Until an alternate rate of interest shall be determined in accordance with this Section 2.4(b)

EXECUTION VERSION

(but in the case of the circumstances described in clause (B) of the first sentence of this Section 2.4(b), only to the extent that the Term SOFR Reference Rate is not available or published at such time on a current basis), (x) any SOFR Advances requested to be made shall be made as Prime Rate Advances, and (y) any outstanding SOFR Advances shall be converted to Prime Rate Advances on the date determined by Bank as notified by Bank to Lead Borrower.

(c) Indemnity. In the event of, (i) the payment of any principal of any SOFR Advance other than the last day of the Interest Period applicable thereto (including as a result of an Event of Default), (ii) the conversion of any SOFR Advance other than the last day of the Interest Period applicable thereto (including as a result of an Event of Default) or (iii) the failure to borrow, convert, continue or prepay any SOFR Advance on the date specified in any notice delivered pursuant hereto, then, in any such event, Borrowers shall compensate Bank for any loss, cost and expense attributable to such event, including any loss, cost or expense arising from the liquidation or redeployment of funds or from any fees payable. A certificate of Bank setting forth any amount or amounts that Bank is entitled to receive pursuant to this Section shall be delivered to Lead Borrower and shall be conclusive absent manifest error. Borrowers shall pay Bank the amount shown as due on any such certificate within ten (10) days after receipt thereof.

2.5 Illegality. If Bank determines that any Requirement of Law has made it unlawful, or that any Governmental Authority has asserted that it is unlawful, for Bank or its applicable lending office to make, maintain or fund Advances, whose interest is determined by reference to SOFR, the Adjusted Term SOFR, Term SOFR or the Term SOFR Reference Rate, or to determine or charge interest rates based upon SOFR, the Adjusted Term SOFR or the Term SOFR Reference Rate, then, upon notice thereof by Bank to Lead Borrower (an “Illegality Notice”), any obligation of Bank to make, and the right of Lead Borrower to continue SOFR Advances or to convert Prime Rate Advances to SOFR Advances, shall be suspended until Bank notifies Lead Borrower that the circumstances giving rise to such determination no longer exist. Upon receipt of an Illegality Notice, Borrowers shall, if necessary to avoid such illegality, upon demand from Bank, prepay or, if applicable, convert all SOFR Advances to Prime Rate Advances on the last day of the Interest Period therefor, if Bank may lawfully continue to maintain such SOFR Advances to such day, or immediately, if Bank may not lawfully continue to maintain such SOFR Advances to such day. Upon any such prepayment or conversion, Borrowers shall also pay accrued interest on the amount so prepaid or converted, together with any additional amounts required pursuant to Section 2.4(c).

3CREATION OF SECURITY INTEREST

3.1Grant of Security Interest.

(a)Each Borrower hereby grants Bank, to secure the payment and performance in full of all of the Obligations, a continuing security interest in, and pledges to Bank, the Collateral, wherever located, whether now owned or hereafter acquired or arising, and all proceeds and products thereof.

(b)Each Borrower acknowledges that it previously has entered, or may in the future enter, into Bank Services Agreements with Bank. Regardless of the terms of any Bank Services Agreement, such Borrower agrees that any amounts such Borrower owes Bank thereunder shall be deemed to be Obligations hereunder and that it is the intent of such Borrower and Bank to have all such Obligations secured by the first priority perfected security interest in the Collateral granted herein (subject to Permitted Liens).

3.2Authorization to File Financing Statements. Each Borrower hereby authorizes Bank to file financing statements, without notice to Borrower, with all jurisdictions deemed necessary or appropriate by Bank to perfect or protect Bank’s interest or rights hereunder, including a notice that any disposition of the Collateral, by either Borrower or any other Person, shall be deemed to violate the rights of Bank under the Code. Such financing statements may indicate the Collateral as “all assets of the Debtor” or words of similar effect.

3.3Termination. If this Agreement is terminated, Bank’s Lien in the Collateral shall continue until the Obligations (other than inchoate indemnity obligations and any other obligations which, by their express terms, are to survive the termination of this Agreement and the repayment of all Obligations) are repaid in full in cash. Upon payment in full in cash of the Obligations (other than inchoate indemnity obligations and any other obligations which, by their express terms, are to survive the termination of this Agreement and the repayment of all Obligations) and at such time as Bank’s obligation to make Credit Extensions has terminated, Bank shall, at Borrowers’ sole cost and

EXECUTION VERSION

expense, terminate its security interest in the Collateral and all rights therein shall revert to Borrowers. In the event

(a) all Obligations (other than inchoate indemnity obligations and any other obligations which, by their express terms, are to survive the termination of this Agreement and the repayment of all Obligations), except for Bank Services, are satisfied in full, and (b) this Agreement is terminated, Bank shall terminate the security interest granted herein upon Lead Borrower providing cash collateral acceptable to Bank in its sole discretion for Bank Services, if any. In the event such Bank Services consist of outstanding Letters of Credit, Borrower shall provide to Bank cash collateral in an amount equal to at least (x) 103.0% of the face amount of all such outstanding Letters of Credit denominated in Dollars and (y) 108.0% of the Dollar Equivalent of the face amount of all such Letters of Credit denominated in a Foreign Currency, plus, in each case, all interest, fees, and costs due or estimated by Bank to become due in connection therewith, to secure all of the Obligations relating to such outstanding Letters of Credit.

4REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES

Each Borrower represents and warrants, which representations and warranties shall be deemed made on the Effective Date and on the date of the making of each Credit Extension and at any other time specified in any Loan Documents, as follows:

4.1Due Organization, Authorization; Power and Authority.

(a)Each Borrower and each of its Subsidiaries are each duly existing and in good standing as a Registered Organization in their respective jurisdiction of formation and are qualified and licensed to do business and is in good standing in any jurisdiction in which the conduct of their respective business or their ownership of property requires that they be qualified except where the failure to do so would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

(b)All information set forth on the Perfection Certificate pertaining to Borrowers and each of their Subsidiaries is true and correct in all material respects (it being understood and agreed that Borrowers may from time to time, after the Effective Date, update certain information in the Perfection Certificate and the Perfection Certificate shall be deemed to be updated when such updated Perfection Certificate is delivered to Bank).

(c)The execution, delivery and performance by each Borrower and each of its Subsidiaries of the Loan Documents to which it is a party have been duly authorized, and do not (i) conflict with any of Borrower’s or any such Subsidiary’s organizational documents, (ii) contravene, conflict with, constitute a default under or violate any material Applicable Law, (iii) contravene, conflict with or violate any applicable order, writ, judgment, injunction, decree, determination or award of any Governmental Authority by which such Borrower or such Subsidiary or any of their property or assets may be bound or affected, (iv) require any action by, filing, registration, or qualification with, or Governmental Approval from, any Governmental Authority (except such Governmental Approvals which have already been obtained and are in full force and effect), or (v) conflict with, contravene, constitute a default or breach under, or result in or permit the termination or acceleration of, any material agreement by which such Borrower or such Subsidiary is bound. Neither Borrower nor any of its Subsidiaries are in default under any agreement to which it is a party or by which it is bound in which the default would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

4.2Collateral.

(a)The security interest granted herein is and shall at all times continue to be a first priority perfected security interest in the Collateral (subject to Permitted Liens). Each Borrower has good title to, rights in, and the power to transfer each item of the Collateral upon which it purports to grant a Lien hereunder, free and clear of any and all Liens except Permitted Liens.

(b)Each Borrower has no Collateral Accounts at or with any bank or financial institution other than Bank or Bank’s Affiliates except for the Collateral Accounts described in the Perfection Certificate on the Effective Date, Excluded Accounts, or as to which Lead Borrower has provided written notice in accordance with Section 5.9(b) andCollateral Accounts as to which such Borrower has taken such actions as are necessary to give Bank

EXECUTION VERSION

a perfected security interest therein, pursuant to the terms of Section 5.9(c). The Accounts are bona fide, existing obligations of the Account Debtors.

(c)The Collateral is not in the possession of any third party bailee (such as a warehouse) except as otherwise provided in the Perfection Certificate. None of the components of the Collateral shall be maintained at locations other than as provided in the Perfection Certificate.

(d)All Inventory is in all material respects of good and marketable quality, free from material

defects.

(e)Each Borrower owns, or possesses the right to use to the extent necessary in its business, all Intellectual Property, licenses and other intangible assets that are used in the conduct of its business as now operated, except to the extent that such failure to own or possess the right to use such asset would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, and no such asset, to the best knowledge of such Borrower, conflicts with the valid Intellectual Property, license, or intangible asset of any other Person to the extent that such conflict would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

(f)Except as noted on the Perfection Certificate on the Effective Date or for which notice has been given to Bank pursuant to and in accordance with Section 5.11(a), each Borrower is not a party to, nor is it bound by, any Restricted License.

4.3Accounts Receivable.

(a)For each Account included in the most recent Borrowing Base Statement, on the date each Advance is requested and made, such Account shall be an Eligible Account.

(b)All statements made and all unpaid balances appearing in all invoices, instruments and other documents evidencing the Eligible Accounts are and shall be true and correct and all such invoices, instruments and other documents, and all of Borrowers’ Books are genuine and in all respects what they purport to be. All sales and other transactions underlying or giving rise to each Eligible Account shall comply in all material respects with all Applicable Law. Each Borrower has no knowledge of any actual or imminent Insolvency Proceeding of any Account Debtor whose accounts are Eligible Accounts in any Borrowing Base Statement. To the best of each Borrower’s knowledge, all signatures and endorsements on all documents, instruments, and agreements relating to all Eligible Accounts are genuine, and all such documents, instruments and agreements are legally enforceable in accordance with their express terms.

4.4Litigation; Indictments. There are no actions, investigations or proceedings pending or, to the knowledge of any Responsible Officer, threatened in writing by or against each Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries which would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. No Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries has been indicted, or threatened in writing with indictment, under any criminal statute, and no criminal or civil proceedings have been commenced against any Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries, pursuant to which statute or proceedings the penalties or remedies sought or available include forfeiture to any Governmental Authority of any material portion of the property of Lead Borrower and its Subsidiaries.

4.5Financial Statements; Financial Condition. All consolidated financial statements for Lead Borrower and any of its Subsidiaries delivered to Bank by submission to the Financial Statement Repository or otherwise submitted to Bank fairly present in all material respects Lead Borrower’s consolidated financial condition and Lead Borrower’s consolidated results of operations for the periods covered thereby, subject, in the case of unaudited financial statements, to normal year-end adjustments and the absence of footnote disclosures.

4.6Solvency. The fair salable value of Borrowers’ and their Subsidiaries’ consolidated assets (including goodwill minus disposition costs) exceeds the fair value of Borrowers’ and their Subsidiaries’ consolidated liabilities; Borrowers and their Subsidiaries, collectively, are not left with unreasonably small capital after the transactions in this Agreement; and Borrowers and their Subsidiaries, collectively, are able to pay its debts (including trade debts) as they mature.

EXECUTION VERSION

4.7Regulatory Compliance. Each Borrower is not an “investment company” or a company “controlled” by an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. Each Borrower is not engaged as one of its important activities in extending credit for margin stock (under Regulations X, T and U of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors). Each Borrower and each of its Subsidiaries (a) has complied in all material respects with all Applicable Law, and (b) have not violated any Applicable Law the violation of which would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. Each Borrower and each of its Subsidiaries have duly complied with, and their respective facilities, business, assets, property, leaseholds, real property and Equipment are in compliance with, Environmental Laws, except where the failure to do so would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; there have been no outstanding citations, notices or orders of non-compliance issued to each Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries or relating to their respective facilities, businesses, assets, property, leaseholds, real property or Equipment under such Environmental Laws. Each Borrower and each of its Subsidiaries have obtained all consents, approvals and authorizations of, made all declarations or filings with, and given all notices to, all Governmental Authorities that are necessary to continue their respective businesses as currently conducted, except where the failure to obtain or make or file the same would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

4.8Subsidiaries; Investments. No Borrower owns any stock, partnership, or other ownership interest or other equity securities except for Permitted Investments.

4.9Tax Returns and Payments; Pension Contributions.

(a)Other than as set forth in the Perfection Certificate on the Effective Date, each Borrower and each of its Subsidiaries have timely filed, or submitted extensions for, all required tax returns and reports, and each Borrower and each of its Subsidiaries have timely paid all applicable foreign, federal, state and local taxes, assessments, deposits and contributions owed by such Borrower and each of its Subsidiaries except (a) to the extent such taxes are being contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings promptly instituted and diligently conducted, so long as such reserve or other appropriate provision, if any, as shall be required in conformity with GAAP shall have been made therefor, or (b) if such taxes, assessments, deposits and contributions do not, individually or in the aggregate, exceed Five Hundred Thousand Dollars ($500,000). Other than as set forth in the Perfection Certificate on the Effective Date, no Borrower is aware of any claims or adjustments proposed for any of such Borrower’s or any of its Subsidiary’s prior tax years which would result in additional taxes becoming due and payable by such Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries in excess of Five Hundred Thousand Dollars ($500,000) in the aggregate.

(b)Each Borrower and each of its Subsidiaries have paid all amounts necessary to fund all present pension, profit sharing and deferred compensation plans in accordance with their express terms and in accordance with the requirements of Applicable Law, and neither Borrower nor any of its Subsidiaries has withdrawn from participation in, and has not permitted partial or complete termination of, or permitted the occurrence of any other event with respect to, any such plan which would reasonably be expected to result in any liability of such Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries, including any liability to the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation or its successors or any other Governmental Authority.

4.10Full Disclosure. No written representation, warranty or other statement of a Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries in any report, certificate or written statement submitted to the Financial Statement Repository or otherwise submitted to Bank, as of the date such representation, warranty, or other statement was made, taken together with all such reports, certificates and written statements submitted to the Financial Statement Repository or otherwise submitted to Bank, contains any untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state a material fact necessary to make the statements contained in the reports, certificates or written statements not misleading in light of the circumstances under which they were made (it being recognized by Bank that the projections and forecasts provided by a Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries in good faith and based upon reasonable assumptions are not viewed as facts, and that actual results during the period or periods covered by such projections and forecasts may differ from the projected or forecasted results and such differences may be material).

4.11Sanctions. Neither Borrower nor any of their Subsidiaries is: (a) in violation of any Sanctions; or

(b) a Sanctioned Person. Neither Borrower nor any of its Subsidiaries, nor, to any Borrower’s knowledge, any of its directors, officers, employees, agents or Affiliates: (i) conducts any business or engages in any transaction or dealing with any Sanctioned Person, including making or receiving any contribution of funds, goods or services to or for the

EXECUTION VERSION

benefit of any Sanctioned Person; (ii) deals in, or otherwise engages in any transaction relating to, any property or interests in property blocked pursuant to any Sanctions; (iii) engages in or conspires to engage in any transaction that evades or avoids, or has the purpose of evading or avoiding, or attempts to violate, any of the prohibitions set forth in any Sanctions; or (iv) otherwise engages in any transaction that would cause Bank to violate any Sanctions.

4.12No Material Adverse Effect. Since December 31, 2020, there has been no development or event that has had or would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

5AFFIRMATIVE COVENANTS

Each Borrower shall do all of the following (unless waived, modified or extended by Bank, in its sole discretion), which shall be taken together with, and subject to, the Perfection Certificate:

5.1Use of Proceeds. Cause the proceeds of the Credit Extensions to be used solely (a) as working capital or (b) to fund its general business purposes, and other purposes permitted under this Agreement.

5.2Government Compliance.

(a)(i) Maintain its and all of its Subsidiaries’ legal existence (except as permitted under Section 6.3 with respect to Subsidiaries only) and good standing in their respective jurisdictions of formation and maintain qualification in each jurisdiction in which the failure to so qualify would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect and (ii) comply, and have all of its Subsidiaries comply, in all material respects, with all laws, ordinances and regulations to which it is subject.

(b)Obtain all of the Governmental Approvals necessary for the performance by such Borrower and each of its Subsidiaries of their obligations under the Loan Documents to which it is a party, including any grant of a security interest to Bank. Each Borrower shall promptly provide copies of any such obtained Governmental Approvals to Bank.

5.3Financial Statements, Reports, Certificates. Lead Borrower shall deliver to Bank by submitting to the Financial Statement Repository:

(a)Borrowing Base Statement. A Borrowing Base Statement (and any schedules related thereto, including without limitation a detailed accounts receivable ledger, and including any other information requested by Bank with respect to Lead Borrower’s Accounts) (i) when a Streamline Period is not in effect, on a weekly basis and no later than Monday of each week with respect to the immediately preceding week, (ii) when a Streamline Period is in effect, on a monthly basis and (A) with respect to the month ending June 30, 2023, no later than the day that is forty-five (45) days after the last day of the subsequent month, and (B) with respect to each other month with respect to, no later than the immediately precedinglast day of the subsequent month;

(b)Accounts Receivable. By the last day of the subsequent month after the end of each month,

(A) monthly accounts receivable agings, aged by invoice date, (B) monthly accounts payable agings, aged by invoice date, and (C) monthly reconciliations of accounts receivable agings (aged by invoice date), detailed debtor listing, transaction reports, and general ledger; provided that, notwithstanding the foregoing, the items listed in subclause (C) shall only be required to be provided hereunder solely if and to the extent otherwise prepared by a Borrower for internal or other purposes;

(c)Monthly Financial Statements. As soon as available, but no later than the last day of each month, a company prepared consolidated balance sheet and income statement covering Lead Borrower’s consolidated operations with respect to the immediately preceding month in a form reasonably acceptable to Bank;

(d)Compliance Statement. No later than the last day of each month and together with the statements set forth in Section 5.3(c), a duly completed Compliance Statement with respect to the immediately preceding month, confirming that as of the end of such month, each Borrower was in full

EXECUTION VERSION

compliance with all of the terms and conditions of this Agreement, and setting forth calculations showing compliance with the financial covenant set forth in this Agreement and such other information as Bank may reasonably request;

(e)Annual Operating Budget and Financial Projections. Within 45 days after the end of each fiscal year of Lead Borrower, (A) annual operating budgets for the upcoming fiscal year of Lead Borrower, and (B) annual financial projections for the upcoming fiscal year of Lead Borrower, in each case as approved by the Board, together with any related business forecasts used in the preparation of such annual financial projections;

(f)Annual Audited Financial Statements. As soon as available, and in any event within 180 days following the end of Lead Borrower’s fiscal year, audited consolidated financial statements prepared under GAAP, consistently applied, together with an unqualified opinion on the financial statements from an independent certified public accounting firm reasonably acceptable to Bank;

(g)SEC Filings. Within five (5) days of filing, notification of the filing and copies of all periodic and other reports, proxy statements and other materials filed by Lead Borrower and/or any of its Subsidiaries with the SEC, any Governmental Authority succeeding to any or all of the functions of the SEC or with any national securities exchange, or distributed to its shareholders, as the case may be. Documents required to be delivered pursuant to the terms hereof (to the extent any such documents are included in materials otherwise filed with the SEC) may be delivered electronically and if so delivered, shall be deemed to have been delivered on the date on which any Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries posts such documents, or provides a link thereto, on such Borrower’s or any of its Subsidiaries’ website on the internet at such Borrower’s or any of its Subsidiaries’ website address; provided, however, Lead Borrower shall promptly notify Bank in writing (which may be by electronic mail) of the posting of any such document;

(h)Security Holder and Subordinated Debt Holder Reports. Within ten (10) Business Days of delivery, copies of all material statements, reports and notices made available to any Borrower’s security holders or to any holders of Subordinated Debt (solely in their capacities as security holders or holders of Subordinated Debt and not in any other role);

(i)Beneficial Ownership Information. Within ten (10) days after the end of each fiscal quarter of Lead Borrower, written notice of any changes to the beneficial ownership information set out in Section 14 of the Perfection Certificate. Borrowers understand and acknowledge that Bank relies on such true, accurate and up-to-date beneficial ownership information to meet Bank’s regulatory obligations to obtain, verify and record information about the beneficial owners of its legal entity customers;

(j)Legal Action Notice and Updates. (i) Prompt written notice of any legal actions, investigations or proceedings pending or threatened in writing, following the Effective Date, against any Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries that would reasonably be expected to result in damages or costs to any Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries of, individually or in the aggregate, Five Million Dollars ($5,000,000); and (ii) at the reasonable request of Bank, conference calls between Bank and/or its representatives and Lead Borrower’s officers with knowledge of any such legal actions, investigations or proceedings regarding developments therein; provided however, that Borrowers shall not be required to disclose any information that Borrowers reasonably deem to be subject to attorney- client privilege;

(k)Tort Claim Notice. If any Borrower shall acquire a commercial tort claim in excess of One Million Dollars ($1,000,000), such Borrower shall promptly notify Bank in a writing signed by such Borrower of the general details thereof and grant to Bank in such writing a security interest therein and in the proceeds thereof, all upon the terms of this Agreement, with such writing to be in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Bank;

(l)Government Filings. Within five (5) days after the same are sent or received, copies of all correspondence, reports, documents and other filings by any Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries with any Governmental Authority regarding compliance with or maintenance of Governmental Approvals or Applicable Law or that would reasonably be expected to have a material effect on any of the Governmental Approvals or otherwise a Material Adverse Effect;

EXECUTION VERSION

(m)Registered Organization. If any Borrower is not a Registered Organization as of the Effective Date but later becomes one, promptly notify Bank of such occurrence and provide Bank with such Borrower’s organizational identification number;

(n)Default. Prompt written notice of the occurrence of a Default or an Event of Default; and

(o) Other Information. Promptly, from time to time, such other information regarding any Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries or compliance with the terms of any Loan Documents as reasonably requested by Bank.

Any submission by any Borrower of a Compliance Statement, a Borrowing Base Statement or any other financial statement submitted to the Financial Statement Repository pursuant to this Section 5.3 or otherwise submitted to Bank shall be deemed to be a representation by such Borrower that (i) as of the date of such Compliance Statement, Borrowing Base Statement or other financial statement, the information and calculations set forth therein are true and correct, (ii) as of the end of the compliance period set forth in such submission, such Borrower is in complete compliance with all required covenants except as noted in such Compliance Statement, Borrowing Base Statement or other financial statement, as applicable.

Any documents required to be delivered under this Agreement may be delivered electronically, and to the extent any such document is filed with the SEC, shall be deemed to have been delivered under this Agreement on the date on which such document is filed electronically with the SEC’s EDGAR system.

5.4Accounts Receivable.

(a)Schedules and Documents Relating to Accounts. Lead Borrower shall deliver to Bank transaction reports and schedules of collections, as provided in Section 5.3, on Bank’s standard forms; provided, however, that Lead Borrower’s failure to execute and deliver the same shall not affect or limit Bank’s Lien and other rights in all of Borrowers’ Accounts, nor shall Bank’s failure to advance or lend against a specific Account affect or limit Bank’s Lien and other rights therein. If requested by Bank, Lead Borrower shall furnish Bank with copies (or, at Bank’s reasonable request, originals) of all contracts, orders, invoices, and other similar documents, and all shipping instructions, delivery receipts, bills of lading, and other evidence of delivery, for any goods the sale or disposition of which gave rise to such Accounts. In addition, Lead Borrower shall deliver to Bank, on its request, the originals of all instruments, chattel paper, security agreements, guarantees and other documents and property evidencing or securing any Accounts in excess of $1,000,000, in the same form as received, with all necessary indorsements, and copies of all credit memos.

(b)Disputes. At any time when any Credit Extension is outstanding or a pending Notice of Borrowing has been submitted to Bank, Lead Borrower shall promptly notify Bank of all disputes or claims relating to Accounts in excess of $500,000 individually or $1,500,000 in the aggregate per month for all such disputes or claims. Each Borrower may forgive (completely or partially), compromise, or settle any Account for less than payment in full, or agree to do any of the foregoing so long as (i) such Borrower does so in good faith, in a commercially reasonable manner, in the ordinary course of business, in arm’s-length transactions; (ii) no Event of Default has occurred and is continuing; and (iii) there shall not be an Overadvance after taking into account all such discounts, settlements and forgiveness; provided further that at any time when any Credit Extension is outstanding or a pending Notice of Borrowing has been submitted to Bank, and such compromises, reductions or settlements exceed

$500,000 individually or $1,500,000 in the aggregate per month, Lead Borrower shall notify Bank of such compromise, reduction, or settlement.

(c)Collection of Accounts. Each Borrower shall direct Account Debtors to deliver or transmit all proceeds of Accounts into a lockbox account, or such other “blocked accounts” as specified by Bank (any such account, the “Cash Collateral Account”). Whether or not an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, each Borrower shall promptly deliver all payments on and proceeds of Accounts to the Cash Collateral Account. Subject to Bank’s right to maintain a reserve pursuant to Section 5.4(d), all amounts received in the Cash Collateral Account shall be (i) when a Streamline Period is not in effect, applied to immediately reduce the Obligations under the Revolving Line (unless Bank, in its sole discretion, at times when an Event of Default exists, elects not to so apply such amounts), or (ii) when a Streamline Period is in effect, transferred on a daily basis to such Borrower’s operating

EXECUTION VERSION

account with Bank. Each Borrower hereby authorizes Bank to transfer to the Cash Collateral Account any amounts that Bank reasonably determines are proceeds of the Accounts (provided that Bank is under no obligation to do so and this allowance shall in no event relieve any Borrower of its obligations hereunder).

(d)Reserves. Notwithstanding any terms in this Agreement to the contrary, at times when a an Event of Default exists and any Credit Extension is outstanding, Bank may hold any proceeds of the Accounts and any amounts in the Cash Collateral Account that are not applied to the Obligations pursuant to Section 5.4(c) above (including amounts otherwise required to be transferred to Lead Borrower’s operating account with Bank) up to the amount of all outstanding Credit Extensions and any interest and fees accrued and unpaid thereon as a reserve to be applied to such Credit Extensions regardless of whether such Credit Extensions are then due and payable.

(e)Returns. Provided no Specified Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, if any Account Debtor returns any Inventory to any Borrower, Lead Borrower shall promptly (i) determine the reason for such return, (ii) issue a credit memorandum to the Account Debtor in the appropriate amount in accordance with such Borrower’s customary business practices and (iii) upon reasonable request from Bank, provide a copy of such credit memorandum to Bank. In the event any attempted return occurs after the occurrence and during the continuance of any Specified Event of Default, each Borrower shall hold the returned Inventory in trust for Bank, and immediately notify Bank of the return of the Inventory.

(f)Verifications; Confirmations; Credit Quality; Notifications. Bank may, from time to time,

(i) upon prior written notice to Lead Borrower, verify and confirm directly with the respective Account Debtors the validity, amount and other matters relating to the Accounts, either in the name of Borrower or Bank or such other name as Bank may choose, and notify any Account Debtor of Bank’s security interest in such Account and/or (ii) in Bank’s Permitted Discretion conduct a credit check of any Account Debtor to approve any such Account Debtor’s credit.

(g)No Liability. Bank shall not be responsible or liable for any shortage or discrepancy in, damage to, or loss or destruction of, any goods, the sale or other disposition of which gives rise to an Account, or for any error, act, omission, or delay of any kind occurring in the settlement, failure to settle, collection or failure to collect any Account, or for settling any Account in good faith for less than the full amount thereof, nor shall Bank be deemed to be responsible for any of Borrowers’ obligations under any contract or agreement giving rise to an Account. Nothing herein shall, however, relieve Bank from liability for its own gross negligence or willful misconduct.

5.5Remittance of Proceeds. Except as otherwise provided in Section 5.4(c), deliver, in kind, all proceeds arising from the disposition of any Collateral to Bank in the original form in which received by any Borrower not later than the following Business Day after receipt by such Borrower, to be applied to the Obligations (a) prior to an Event of Default, pursuant to the terms of Section 5.4(c) hereof, and (b) after the occurrence and during the continuance of an Event of Default, pursuant to the terms of Section 8.4 hereof; provided that, if no Specified Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, no Borrower shall be obligated to remit to Bank the proceeds of the sale of worn out or obsolete Equipment disposed of by such Borrower in good faith in an arm’s length transaction. Each Borrower agrees that it will not commingle proceeds of Collateral with any of such Borrower’s other funds or property, but will hold such proceeds separate and apart from such other funds and property and in an express trust for Bank. Nothing in this Section 5.5 limits the restrictions on disposition of Collateral set forth elsewhere in this Agreement.

5.6Taxes; Pensions. Timely file, and require each of its Subsidiaries to timely file (in each case, unless subject to a valid extension), all required tax returns and reports and timely pay, and require each of its Subsidiaries to timely pay, all foreign, federal, state and local taxes, assessments, deposits and contributions owed by such Borrower and each of its Subsidiaries, except (i) if such taxes, assessments, deposits and contributions do not, individually or in the aggregate, exceed Five Hundred Thousand Dollars ($500,000), (ii) for deferred payment of any taxes contested pursuant to the terms of Section 4.9(a) hereof or (iii) with respect for matters set forth in the Perfection Certificate on the Effective Date, and shall deliver to Bank, on demand, appropriate certificates attesting to such payments, and pay, and require each of its Subsidiaries to pay, all amounts necessary to fund all present pension, profit sharing and deferred compensation plans in accordance with their express terms and any requirements of Applicable Law.

EXECUTION VERSION

5.7Access to Collateral; Books and Records. At reasonable times, on five (5) Business Days’ written notice (provided no notice is required if an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing), Bank, or its agents, shall have the right to inspect the Collateral and the right to audit and copy Borrowers’ Books; provided that Borrowers shall not be required to disclose any information that Borrowers reasonably deem to be subject to attorney-client privilege and any such inspection and audit shall be restricted in respect thereof. Such inspections and audits shall be conducted no more often than once every twelve (12) months (or more frequently as Bank in its reasonable discretion determines that conditions warrant) unless an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing in which case such inspections and audits shall occur as often as Bank shall determine is necessary. The foregoing inspections and audits shall be conducted at Borrowers’ expense and the charge therefor shall be $1,000.00 per person per day (or such higher amount as shall represent Bank’s then-current standard charge for the same), plus out-of-pocket expenses. In the event, Borrowers and Bank schedule an audit more than eight (8) days in advance, and Borrowers cancel or seek to or reschedules the audit with less than eight (8) days written notice to Bank, then (without limiting any of Bank’s rights or remedies) Borrowers shall pay Bank a fee of $2,000.00 plus any out-of-pocket expenses incurred by Bank to compensate Bank for the anticipated costs and expenses of the cancellation or rescheduling.

5.8Insurance.

(a)Keep its business and the Collateral insured for risks and in amounts standard for companies in Borrowers’ industry and location and as Bank may reasonably request. Insurance policies shall be in a form, with financially sound and reputable insurance companies that are not Affiliates of Borrowers, and in amounts that are reasonably satisfactory to Bank.

(b)All property policies shall have a lender’s loss payable endorsement showing Bank as lender loss payee. All liability policies shall show, or have endorsements showing, Bank as an additional insured. Bank shall be named as lender loss payee and/or additional insured with respect to any such insurance providing coverage in respect of any Collateral.

(c)Ensure that proceeds payable under any property policy are, at Bank’s option, payable to Bank on account of the Obligations.

(d)At Bank’s reasonable request, each Borrower shall deliver copies of insurance policies and evidence of all premium payments. Each provider of any such insurance required under this Section 5.8 shall agree, by endorsement upon the policy or policies issued by it or by independent instruments furnished to Bank, that it will give Bank 30 days prior written notice before any such policy or policies shall be canceled or altered in any material respect. If any Borrower fails to obtain insurance as required under this Section 5.8 or to pay any amount or furnish any required proof of payment to third persons and Bank, Bank may make all or part of such payment or obtain such insurance policies required in this Section 5.8, and take any action under the policies Bank deems prudent.

5.9Accounts.

(a)Maintain all of such Borrower’s and any of its Subsidiaries’ operating accounts and depository accounts with Bank or Bank’s Affiliates, with the exception of the Offshore Accounts.

(b)In addition to the foregoing, Borrowers and any Domestic Subsidiary of any Borrower shall obtain any domestic business credit card, letter of credit and cash management services exclusively from Bank so long as Bank offers on materially comparable terms, conditions and pricing offered by any provider other than Bank. Lead Borrower shall give Bank written notice of any proposal from any provider for any domestic business credit card, letter of credit or cash management services with respect to any Borrower or any of their Domestic Subsidiaries, which notice shall (i) identify the provider offering such domestic business credit card, letter of credit or cash management services and summarize the terms, conditions and pricing thereof, and (ii) be delivered on the terms set forth in Section 10 hereof (such notice described in (i) and (ii), the “Bank Services Notice”). Upon receipt of such Bank Services Notice, Bank shall have the right (but not the obligation) within ten (10) Business Days to agree to provide such domestic business credit card, letter of credit or cash management services to any Borrower or any of its Domestic Subsidiaries on materially comparable terms, or, other terms that Bank may propose and any Borrower or any of its Domestic Subsidiaries may agree to, in their sole discretion. If Bank agrees to provide such domestic business credit card, letter of credit and cash management services as set forth in the immediately preceding sentence, the applicable

EXECUTION VERSION

Borrower or Domestic Subsidiary shall be required to enter into such domestic business credit card, letter of credit or cash management services with Bank and not the other provider.

(a) For each rolling three (3) Business Day period, maintain in operating or deposit accounts with Bank of Bank’s Affiliates at least (i) thirty percent (30%) when no Advances are outstanding and (ii) fifty (50%) when Advances are outstanding, of the average Dollar Equivalent for such period of all of Borrower’s and its Subsidiaries’ cash on deposit across all financial institutions except cash held in Offshore Accounts.

(b)[Reserved].

(c) In addition to and without limiting the restrictions in (a), each Borrower shall provide Bank a written notice before establishing any Collateral Account at or with any bank or financial institution other than Bank or Bank’s Affiliates. Subject to Section 5.18, for each Collateral Account that any Borrower at any time maintains (other than Offshore Accounts), such Borrower shall cause the applicable bank or financial institution (other than Bank) at or with which any Collateral Account is maintained to execute and deliver a Control Agreement or other appropriate instrument with respect to such Collateral Account to perfect Bank’s Lien in such Collateral Account in accordance with the terms hereunder which Control Agreement may not be terminated without the prior written consent of Bank. The provisions of the previous sentencethis Section 5.9(c) shall not apply (i) to Collateral Accounts exclusively used for payroll, payroll taxes, and other employee wage and benefit payments to or for the benefit of Borrowers’ employees and identified to Bank by Lead Borrower as such, or (ii) to Collateral Accounts with an average monthly balance not in excess of $500,000 for each such deposit account or $2,5005,000,000 for all such Collateral Accounts (collectively, the “Excluded Accounts”).

5.10Financial Covenants. Lead Borrower shall maintain at all times, as of the last day of each month when a Streamline Period is not in effect, on a consolidated basis with respect to Lead Borrower and its Subsidiaries, measured as of the end of each fiscal month on a trailing twelve (12) month basis, a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio of at least 1.00 to 1.00. For the avoidance of doubt, as soon a Streamline Period terminates, the Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio shall automatically be tested as of the last day of the most recent month end for which financial statements were required to be delivered hereunder or have been delivered hereunder even if a Streamline Period was in effect as of such month end.

5.11Protection of Intellectual Property Rights.

(a)(i) Protect, defend and maintain the validity and enforceability of each Borrower’s and each Subsidiary’s Intellectual Property, except to the extent that such failure to do so would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; (ii) promptly advise Bank in writing of infringements or any other event that would reasonably be expected to materially and adversely affect the value of such Borrower’s and each Subsidiary’s Intellectual Property; and (iii) not allow any Intellectual Property material to Lead Borrower and its Subsidiaries’ business (taken as a whole) to be abandoned, forfeited or dedicated to the public without Bank’s written consent.

(b)Provide written notice to Bank within ten (10) days of entering or becoming bound by any Restricted License (other than over-the-counter software that is commercially available to the public). Each Borrower shall take such steps as Bank reasonably requests to obtain the consent of, or waiver by, any person whose consent or waiver is necessary for (i) any such Restricted License to be deemed “Collateral” and for Bank to have a security interest in it that might otherwise be restricted or prohibited by law or by the terms of any such Restricted License, whether now existing or entered into in the future, and (ii) Bank to have the ability in the event of a liquidation of any Collateral to dispose of such Collateral in accordance with Bank’s rights and remedies under this Agreement and the other Loan Documents.

5.12Litigation Cooperation. From the date hereof and continuing through the termination of this Agreement, make available to Bank, without expense to Bank, such Borrower and its officers and employees and such Borrower’s books and records, to the extent that Bank may deem them reasonably necessary to prosecute or defend any third-party suit or proceeding instituted by or against Bank with respect to any Collateral or relating to Borrowers.

5.13Online Banking.

EXECUTION VERSION

(a)Utilize Bank’s online banking platform for all matters reasonably requested by Bank which shall include, without limitation (and without request by Bank for the following matters), uploading information pertaining to Accounts and Account Debtors, requesting approval for exceptions, requesting Credit Extensions, and uploading financial statements and other reports required to be delivered by this Agreement (including, without limitation, those described in Section 5.3).

(b)Comply with the terms of Bank’s Online Banking Agreement as in effect from time to time and ensure that all persons utilizing Bank’s online banking platform are duly authorized to do so by an Administrator. Bank shall be entitled to assume the authenticity, accuracy and completeness of any information, instruction or request for a Credit Extension submitted via Bank’s online banking platform and to further assume that any submissions or requests made via Bank’s online banking platform have been duly authorized by an Administrator.

5.14Formation or Acquisition of Subsidiaries. Notwithstanding and without limiting the negative covenants contained in Sections 6.3 and 6.7, at the time that any Borrower forms any Subsidiary or acquires any Subsidiary after the Effective Date (including, without limitation, pursuant to a Division) or any Dormant Subsidiary of any Borrower commences operations after the Effective Date, such Borrower shall (a) cause such Subsidiary, if a Domestic Subsidiary, to provide to Bank a joinder to this Agreement to become a co-borrower hereunder without any need to amend this Agreement by any party hereto, together with documentation and subject to conditions set forth in the joinder, all in form and substance satisfactory to Bank (including being sufficient to grant Bank a first priority Lien (subject to Permitted Liens) in and to the assets of such Domestic Subsidiary), (b) pledge to Bank all of the direct or beneficial ownership interest in such Subsidiary, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Bank; provided, that with respect to the pledge by any Borrower of a perfected security interest in the stock, units or other evidence of ownership of each Foreign Subsidiary, such Borrower shall only be required to grant and pledge to Bank a perfected security interest in up to sixty-five percent (65%) of the stock, units or other evidence of ownership of such Foreign Subsidiary; and (c) provide to Bank all other documentation in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Bank, including one or more opinions of counsel satisfactory to Bank, which in its opinion is appropriate with respect to the execution and delivery of the applicable documentation referred to above. Any document, agreement, or instrument executed or issued pursuant to this Section 5.14 shall be a Loan Document. Any Domestic Subsidiary that is not a wholly-owned Subsidiary shall not be required to become a Borrower hereunder to the extent its organizational documents or other binding agreements prohibit or restrict (including by any requirement to obtain governmental or regulatory authority or third party consent, approval, license or authorization) such Subsidiary from becoming a Borrower hereunder at the time it becomes a Subsidiary and such prohibition or restriction was not entered in contemplation of avoiding such Subsidiary’s obligations hereunder.

5.15[Reserved].

5.16Further Assurances. Execute any further instruments and take such further action as Bank reasonably requests to perfect, protect, ensure the priority of or continue Bank’s Lien on the Collateral or to effect the purposes of this Agreement.

5.17Sanctions. (a) Not, and not permit any of its Subsidiaries to, engage in any of the activities described in Section 4.11 in the future; (b) not, and not permit any of its Subsidiaries to, become a Sanctioned Person; and (c) ensure that the proceeds of the Obligations are not used to violate any Sanctions. In addition, have implemented, and will consistently apply while this Agreement is in effect, procedures to ensure that the representations and warranties in Section 4.11 remain true and correct in all material respects while this Agreement is in effect.

5.18Post-Closing Matters. Deliver to or establish with Bank, as applicable, each of the following, in form and substance acceptable to Bank:

(a)within sixty (60) days of the Effective Date (or such later date as may be agreed by Bank in its sole discretion), duly executed Control Agreements with respect to all Collateral Accounts other than Excluded Accounts and Collateral Accounts maintained with Bank;

(b)within sixty (60) days of the Effective Date (or such later date as may be agreed by Bank in its sole discretion), a Cash Collateral Account with Bank for each multicurrency account maintained with Bank;

EXECUTION VERSION

(c)within forty-five (45) days of the Effective Date (or such later date as may be agreed by Bank in its sole discretion), evidence satisfactory to Bank that the insurance policies and endorsements required by Section 5.8 hereof are in full force and effect, together with appropriate evidence showing lender loss payable and additional insured clauses or endorsements in favor of Bank; and

(d)within ninety (90) days after the Effective Date (or such later date as may be agreed by Bank in its sole discretion), all of the existing and outstanding original shares of capital stock of any Subsidiary directly held by each Borrower and pledged to Bank hereunder, together with an original undated stock power for each such certificate executed in blank by an Authorized Signer of such Borrower.

6NEGATIVE COVENANTS

Each Borrower shall not do any of the following (unless waived, modified or extended by Bank, in its sole discretion):

6.1Dispositions. Convey, sell, lease, transfer, assign, or otherwise dispose of (including, without limitation, pursuant to a Division) (collectively, “Transfer”), or permit any of its Subsidiaries to Transfer, all or any part of its business or property, except for Permitted Transfers.

6.2Changes in Business, Management, Control, or Business Locations. (a) Engage in or permit any of its Subsidiaries to engage in any business other than the businesses currently engaged in by such Borrower and such Subsidiary, as applicable, or reasonably related or ancillary thereto and logical extensions thereof; (b) liquidate or dissolve unless permitted under Section 6.3; (c) permit, allow or suffer to occur any Change in Control; or (d) without a written notice to Bank (i) change its jurisdiction of organization, (ii) change its organizational structure or type, or (iii) change its legal name.

6.3Mergers or Acquisitions. Merge or consolidate, or permit any of its Subsidiaries to merge or consolidate, with any other Person, except that a Subsidiary may merge or consolidate into another Subsidiary or a Borrower, provided that if such merger or consolidation involves a Borrower, such Borrower is the surviving entity, or acquire, or permit any of its Subsidiaries to acquire, all or substantially all of the stock, partnership, membership, or other ownership interest or other equity securities or property of another Person (including, without limitation, by the formation of any Subsidiary or pursuant to a Division) other than Permitted Acquisitions.

6.4Indebtedness. Create, incur, assume, or be liable for any Indebtedness, or permit any Subsidiary to do so, other than Permitted Indebtedness.

6.5Encumbrance. Create, incur, allow, or suffer to exist any Lien on any of its property or permit any of its Subsidiaries to do so, except for Permitted Liens, permit any Collateral not to be subject to the first priority security interest granted herein (except Permitted Liens that are permitted pursuant to the terms of this Agreement to have superior priority to Bank’s Lien under this Agreement) or enter into any agreement, document, instrument or other arrangement (except with or in favor of Bank) with any Person which directly or indirectly prohibits or has the effect of prohibiting such Borrower or any Subsidiary required to become a Borrower hereunder from assigning, mortgaging, pledging, granting a security interest in or upon, or encumbering any of such Borrower’s or Subsidiary’s Intellectual Property, except as is otherwise permitted in Section 6.1 hereof and the definition of “Permitted Liens” herein.

6.6Maintenance of Collateral Accounts. Maintain any Collateral Account except pursuant to the terms of Section 5.9(c).

6.7Restricted Payments; Investments. (a) Make, or permit any of its Subsidiaries to make, any Restricted Payment other than Permitted Restricted Payments; provided that, notwithstanding anything set forth herein, any Restricted Payment that would have been permitted to be made hereunder if paid on the date such Restricted Payment was declared, shall be permitted to be made hereunder so long as such Restricted Payment is paid within sixty (60) days of the date it was declared; or (b) directly or indirectly make, or permit any Subsidiary to make,

EXECUTION VERSION

any Investment (including, without limitation, by the formation of any Subsidiary or pursuant to a Division) other than Permitted Investments.

6.8Transactions with Affiliates. Directly or indirectly enter into or permit to exist any material transaction with any Affiliate of any Borrower, except for transactions that are in the ordinary course of such Borrower’s business, upon fair and reasonable terms that are no less favorable to such Borrower than would be obtained in an arm’s length transaction with a non-affiliated Person.

6.9Subordinated Debt. Except as expressly permitted under the terms of the subordination, intercreditor, or other similar agreement to which any Subordinated Debt is subject: (a) make or permit any payment on such Subordinated Debt; or (b) amend any provision in any document relating to such Subordinated Debt which would increase the amount thereof, provide for earlier or greater principal, interest, or other payments thereon, or materially adversely affect the subordination thereof to Obligations owed to Bank.

6.10Compliance. (a) Become an “investment company” or a company controlled by an “investment company”, under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, or undertake as one of its important activities extending credit to purchase or carry margin stock (as defined in Regulation U of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System), or use the proceeds of any Credit Extension for that purpose; (b) in each case, except as could not reasonably be expected to result in a material liability of Borrower or any Subsidiary, (i) fail to meet the minimum funding requirements of ERISA, (ii) permit a Reportable Event (as defined in Section 4043(c) of ERISA) or Prohibited Transaction, (as defined in Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code) to occur with respect to an “employee benefit plan” as defined in Section 3(3) of ERISA that is sponsored, maintained or contributed to by the Borrower or any Subsidiary (a “Plan”), (iii) fail to comply with the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act, (iv) incur any other liability under Title IV of ERISA or (v) violate applicable requirements of ERISA or the Code with respect to a Plan; or (c) withdraw or permit any Subsidiary to withdraw from participation in, or permit partial or complete termination of any pension, profit sharing and deferred compensation plan which would reasonably be expected to result in any material liability of such Borrower, including any liability to the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation or its successors or any other Governmental Authority.

6.11PubCo Notes. Make, or permit any of its Subsidiaries to make, any PubCo Notes Payments, except for Permitted PubCo Notes Payments.

7EVENTS OF DEFAULT

Any one of the following (unless waived, modified or extended by Bank, in its sole discretion) shall constitute an event of default (an “Event of Default”) under this Agreement:

7.1Payment Default. Any Borrower fails to (a) make any payment of principal on any Credit Extension on its due date, or (b) pay any interest or any other Obligations within three (3) Business Days after such Obligations are due and payable (which three (3) Business Day cure period shall not apply to payments due on the Revolving Line Maturity Date);

7.2Covenant Default.

(a)Any Borrower fails or neglects to perform any obligation in Section 5 (other than Sections

5.2 (Government Compliance), 5.3 (Financial Statements, Reports, Certificates), 5.9(a) and (b) (Accounts), 5.12 (Litigation Cooperation), 5.15 (Inventory; Returns) and 5.16 (Further Assurances)) or violates any covenant in Section 6; or

(b)Any Borrower fails or neglects to perform, keep, or observe any other term, provision, condition, covenant or agreement contained in this Agreement or any Loan Documents, and as to any default (other than those specified in this Section 7) under such other term, provision, condition, covenant or agreement that can be cured, has failed to cure the default within thirty (30) days after the occurrence thereof, or in the case of the obligations in Section 5.3 only, within ten (10) days after the occurrence thereof. Cure periods provided under this section shall not apply to any covenants set forth in clause (a) above;

EXECUTION VERSION

7.3[Reserved].

7.4Attachment; Levy; Restraint on Business.

(a)(i) The service of process seeking to attach, by trustee or similar process, funds of any Borrower or any Subsidiary, in each case in excess of $5,000,000 in the aggregate or (ii) a notice of lien or levy is filed against any of Borrower’s or any of its Subsidiaries’ material assets by any Governmental Authority, and the same under subclauses (i) and (ii) hereof are not, within fifteen (15) days after the occurrence thereof, discharged or stayed (whether through the posting of a bond or otherwise); provided, however, no Credit Extensions shall be made during any fifteen (15) day cure period; or

(b)(i) any material portion of Borrower’s or any of its Subsidiaries’ assets is attached, seized, levied on, or comes into possession of a trustee or receiver, or (ii) any court order enjoins, restrains, or prevents any Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries from conducting all or any material part of its business;

7.5Insolvency. (a) Any Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries is unable to pay its debts (including trade debts) as they become due or otherwise becomes insolvent; (b) any Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries begins an Insolvency Proceeding; or (c) an Insolvency Proceeding is begun against any Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries and is not dismissed or stayed within 45 days (but no Credit Extensions shall be made while any of the conditions described in clause (a) exist or until any Insolvency Proceeding is dismissed);

7.6Other Agreements. There is, under any agreement to which any Borrower, any of Borrower’s Subsidiaries is a party with a third party or parties, any default resulting in a right by such third party or parties, whether or not exercised, to accelerate the maturity of any Indebtedness in an amount individually or in the aggregate in excess of Five Million Dollars ($5,000,000.00);

7.7Judgments; Penalties. One or more fines, penalties or final judgments, orders or decrees for the payment of money in an amount, individually or in the aggregate, of at least Five Million Dollars ($5,000,000.00) (not covered by independent third-party insurance as to which liability has been accepted by such insurance carrier) shall be rendered against any Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries by any Governmental Authority, and the same are not, within ten (10) days after the entry, assessment or issuance thereof, discharged, or after execution thereof, or stayed pending appeal, or such judgments are not discharged prior to the expiration of any such stay (provided that no Credit Extensions will be made prior to the discharge, or stay of such fine, penalty, judgment, order or decree);

7.8Misrepresentations. Any Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries or any Person acting for any Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries makes any representation, warranty, or other statement now or later in this Agreement, any Loan Document or in any writing delivered to Bank or to induce Bank to enter this Agreement or any Loan Document, and such representation, warranty, or other statement is incorrect in any material respect when made (it being agreed and acknowledged by Bank that the projections and forecasts provided by any Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries in good faith and based upon reasonable assumptions are not viewed as facts and that actual results during the period or periods covered by such projections and forecasts may differ from the projected or forecasted results and such differences may be material);

7.9Subordinated Debt. If the Obligations shall for any reason be subordinated or shall not have the priority contemplated by this Agreement or any applicable subordination or intercreditor agreement;

7.10Lien Priority. There is a material impairment in the perfection or priority of Bank’s security interest in a material portion of the Collateral;

7.11[Reserved]; or

7.12Governmental Approvals. Any Governmental Approval shall have been (a) revoked, rescinded, suspended, modified in an adverse manner or not renewed in the ordinary course for a full term or (b) subject to any decision by a Governmental Authority that designates a hearing with respect to any applications for renewal of any of such Governmental Approval or that could result in the Governmental Authority taking any of the actions described

EXECUTION VERSION

in clause (a) above, and such decision or such revocation, rescission, suspension, modification or non-renewal (i) causes, or could reasonably be expected to cause, a Material Adverse Effect, or (ii) adversely affects the legal qualifications of any Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries to hold such Governmental Approval in any applicable jurisdiction and such revocation, rescission, suspension, modification or non-renewal could reasonably be expected to affect the status of or legal qualifications of any Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries to hold any Governmental Approval in any other jurisdiction.

8BANK’S RIGHTS AND REMEDIES

8.1 Rights and Remedies. Upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an Event of Default, Bank may, without notice or demand, do any or all of the following:

(a)declare all Obligations immediately due and payable (but if an Event of Default described in Section 7.5 occurs all Obligations are immediately due and payable without any action by Bank);

(b)stop advancing money or extending credit for any Borrower’s benefit under this

Agreement;

(c)demand that each Borrower (i) deposit cash with Bank in an amount equal to at least (A) 103.0% of the aggregate face amount of any Letters of Credit denominated in Dollars remaining undrawn, and (B) 108.0% of the Dollar Equivalent of the aggregate face amount of any Letters of Credit denominated in a Foreign Currency remaining undrawn (plus, in each case, all interest, fees, and costs due or estimated by Bank to become due in connection therewith), to secure all of the Obligations relating to such Letters of Credit, as collateral security for the repayment of any future drawings under such Letters of Credit, and Borrower shall forthwith deposit and pay such amounts, and (ii) pay in advance all letter of credit fees scheduled to be paid or payable over the remaining term of any Letters of Credit;

(d)[reserved];

(e)verify the amount of, demand payment of and performance under, and collect any Accounts and General Intangibles, settle or adjust disputes and claims directly with Account Debtors for amounts on terms and in any order that Bank considers advisable, and notify any Person owing any Borrower money of Bank’s security interest in such funds. Each Borrower shall collect all payments in trust for Bank and, if requested by Bank, immediately deliver the payments to Bank in the form received from the Account Debtor, with proper endorsements for deposit;

(f)make any payments and do any acts it considers necessary or reasonable to protect the Collateral and/or its security interest in the Collateral. Each Borrower shall assemble the Collateral if Bank requests and make it available as Bank designates. Bank may enter premises where the Collateral is located, take and maintain possession of any part of the Collateral, and pay, purchase, contest, or compromise any Lien which appears to be prior or superior to its security interest and pay all expenses incurred. Each Borrower grants Bank a license to enter and occupy any of its premises, without charge, to exercise any of Bank’s rights or remedies;

(g)apply to the Obligations any (i) balances and deposits of any Borrower it holds, or (ii) amount held by Bank owing to or for the credit or the account of each Borrower;

(h)ship, reclaim, recover, store, finish, maintain, repair, prepare for sale, advertise for sale, and sell the Collateral. For use solely upon the occurrence and during the continuation of an Event of Default, Bank is hereby granted a non-exclusive, royalty-free license or other right to use, without charge, Borrowers’ labels, Patents, Copyrights, mask works, rights of use of any name, trade secrets, trade names, Trademarks, and advertising matter, or any similar property as it pertains to the Collateral, in completing production of, advertising for sale, and selling any Collateral and, in connection with Bank’s exercise of its rights under this Section 8.1, each Borrower’s rights under all licenses and all franchise agreements inure to Bank’s benefit;

EXECUTION VERSION

(i)place a “hold” on any account maintained with Bank and/or deliver a notice of exclusive control, any entitlement order, or other directions or instructions pursuant to any Control Agreement or similar agreements providing control of any Collateral;

(j)demand and receive possession of each Borrower’s Books; and

(k)exercise all rights and remedies available to Bank under the Loan Documents or at law or equity, including all remedies provided under the Code or any Applicable Law (including disposal of the Collateral pursuant to the terms thereof).

8.2Power of Attorney. Each Borrower hereby irrevocably appoints Bank as its true and lawful attorney-in-fact, (a) exercisable upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an Event of Default, to: (i) endorse such Borrower’s name on any checks, payment instruments, or other forms of payment or security; (ii) sign such Borrower’s name on any invoice or bill of lading for any Account or drafts against Account Debtors; (iii) demand, collect, sue, and give releases to any Account Debtor for monies due, settle and adjust disputes and claims about the Accounts directly with Account Debtors, and compromise, prosecute, or defend any action, claim, case, or proceeding about any Collateral (including filing a claim or voting a claim in any bankruptcy case in Bank’s or such Borrower’s name, as Bank chooses); (iv) make, settle, and adjust all claims under such Borrower’s insurance policies; (v) pay, contest or settle any Lien, charge, encumbrance, security interest, or other claim in or to the Collateral, or any judgment based thereon, or otherwise take any action to terminate or discharge the same; and (vi) transfer the Collateral into the name of Bank or a third party as the Code permits; and (b) regardless of whether an Event of Default has occurred, to sign such Borrower’s name on any documents necessary to perfect or continue the perfection of Bank’s security interest in the Collateral. Bank’s foregoing appointment as such Borrower’s attorney in fact, and all of Bank’s rights and powers, coupled with an interest, are irrevocable until such time as all Obligations (other than inchoate indemnity obligations and any other obligations which, by their express terms, are to survive the termination of this Agreement and the repayment of all Obligations) have been satisfied in full, Bank is under no further obligation to make Credit Extensions and the Loan Documents have been terminated. Bank shall not incur any liability in connection with or arising from the exercise of such power of attorney and shall have no obligation to exercise any of the foregoing rights and remedies.

8.3Protective Payments. If Lead Borrower fails to obtain the insurance called for by Section 5.8 or fails to pay any premium thereon or fails to pay any other amount which a Borrower is obligated to pay under this Agreement or any other Loan Document or which may be required to preserve the Collateral, Bank may obtain such insurance or make such payment, and all amounts so paid by Bank are Bank Expenses and immediately due and payable, bearing interest at the then highest rate applicable to the Obligations, and secured by the Collateral. Bank will make reasonable efforts to provide such Borrower with notice of Bank obtaining such insurance at the time it is obtained or within a reasonable time thereafter. No payments by Bank are deemed an agreement to make similar payments in the future or Bank’s waiver of any Event of Default.

8.4Application of Payments and Proceeds. Bank may apply any funds in its possession, whether from any Borrower account balances, payments, proceeds realized as the result of any collection of Accounts or other disposition of the Collateral, or otherwise, to the Obligations in such order as Bank shall determine in its sole discretion. Any surplus shall be paid to any Borrower or other Persons legally entitled thereto; such Borrower shall remain liable to Bank for any deficiency. If Bank, in its commercially reasonable discretion, directly or indirectly, enters into a deferred payment or other credit transaction with any purchaser at any sale of Collateral, Bank shall have the option, exercisable at any time, of either reducing the Obligations by the principal amount of the purchase price or deferring the reduction of the Obligations until the actual receipt by Bank of cash therefor.

8.5Bank’s Liability for Collateral. Bank’s sole duty with respect to the custody, safekeeping and physical preservation of the Collateral in its possession or under its control, under Section 9-207 of the Code or otherwise, shall be to deal with it in the same manner as Bank deals with its own property consisting of similar instruments or interests. Each Borrower bears all risk of loss, damage or destruction of the Collateral.

8.6No Waiver; Remedies Cumulative. Bank’s failure, at any time or times, to require strict performance by each Borrower of any provision of this Agreement or any other Loan Document shall not waive, affect, or diminish any right of Bank thereafter to demand strict performance and compliance herewith or therewith.

EXECUTION VERSION

No waiver hereunder shall be effective unless signed by the party granting the waiver and then is only effective for the specific instance and purpose for which it is given. Bank’s rights and remedies under this Agreement and the other Loan Documents are cumulative. Bank has all rights and remedies provided under the Code, by law, or in equity. Bank’s exercise of one right or remedy is not an election and shall not preclude Bank from exercising any other remedy under this Agreement or other remedy available at law or in equity, and Bank’s waiver of any Event of Default is not a continuing waiver. Bank’s delay in exercising any remedy is not a waiver, election, or acquiescence.

8.7Demand Waiver. Each Borrower waives demand, notice of default or dishonor, notice of payment and nonpayment, notice of any default, nonpayment at maturity, release, compromise, settlement, extension, or renewal of accounts, documents, instruments, chattel paper, and guarantees held by Bank on which such Borrower is liable.

8.8Borrower Liability. Each Borrower (other than Lead Borrower) hereby appoints Lead Borrower as agent for all purposes hereunder, including with respect to requesting Credit Extensions hereunder. Each Borrower hereunder shall be liable for the Credit Extensions and Obligations as set forth on Schedule I hereto. Each Borrower waives (a) any suretyship defenses available to it under the Code or any other Applicable Law, and (b) any right to require Bank to: (i) proceed against any Borrower or any other person; (ii) proceed against or exhaust any security; or (iii) pursue any other remedy. Bank may exercise or not exercise any right or remedy it has against any Borrower or any security it holds (including the right to foreclose by judicial or non-judicial sale) without affecting any Borrower’s liability. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement or other related document, each Borrower irrevocably waives all rights that it may have at law or in equity (including, without limitation, any law subrogating Borrower to the rights of Bank under this Agreement) to seek contribution, indemnification or any other form of reimbursement from any other Borrower, or any other Person now or hereafter primarily or secondarily liable for any of the Obligations, for any payment made by any Borrower with respect to the Obligations in connection with this Agreement or otherwise and all rights that it might have to benefit from, or to participate in, any security for the Obligations as a result of any payment made by any Borrower with respect to the Obligations in connection with this Agreement or otherwise. Any agreement providing for indemnification, reimbursement or any other arrangement prohibited under this Section 8.8 shall be null and void. If any payment is made to a Borrower in contravention of this Section 8.8, such Borrower shall hold such payment in trust for Bank and such payment shall be promptly delivered to Bank for application to the Obligations, whether matured or unmatured.

9NOTICES

All notices, consents, requests, approvals, demands, or other communication by any party to this Agreement or any other Loan Document must be in writing and shall be deemed to have been validly served, given, or delivered:

(a) upon the earlier of actual receipt and three (3) Business Days after deposit in the U.S. mail, first class, registered or certified mail return receipt requested, with proper postage prepaid; (b) upon transmission, when sent by electronic mail; (c) one (1) Business Day after deposit with a reputable overnight courier with all charges prepaid; or (d) when delivered, if hand-delivered by messenger, all of which shall be addressed to the party to be notified and sent to the address or email address indicated below; provided that, for clause (b), if such notice, consent, request, approval, demand or other communication is not sent during the normal business hours of the recipient, it shall be deemed to have been sent at the opening of business on the next Business Day of the recipient. Bank or Lead Borrower may change its mailing or electronic mail address by giving the other party written notice thereof in accordance with the terms of this Section 9.

If to any Borrower: Outbrain Inc.

111 West 19th Street

New York, New York 10011

Attn: Barry Schofield; Veronica Gonzalez

Email: bschofield@outbrain.com; vgonzalez@outbrain.com

with a copy to (which shall not constitute

notice): Mayer Brown LLP

1221 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020

EXECUTION VERSION

Attn: Adam C. Wolk

Email: awolk@mayerbrown.com

If to Bank: Silicon Valley Bank

, a division of First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company 387 Park Avenue South, 2nd Floor New York, NY

10016 Attn: Dylan

Wong Email:

DWong@svb.com

with a copy to (which shall not constitute

notice): Morrison & Foerster LLP 200 Clarendon, Floor 20

Boston, Massachusetts 20116 Attn: Charles W. Stavros, Esquire Email: cstavros@mofo.com

10CHOICE OF LAW, VENUE AND JURY TRIAL WAIVER

Except as otherwise expressly provided in any of the Loan Documents, New York law governs the Loan Documents without regard to principles of conflicts of law that would require the application of the laws of another jurisdiction. Each of the parties hereto irrevocably and unconditionally submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the State and Federal courts in New York, New York; provided, however, that nothing in this Agreement shall be deemed to operate to preclude Bank from bringing suit or taking other legal action in any other jurisdiction with respect to the Loan Documents or to realize on the Collateral or any other security for the Obligations, or to enforce a judgment or other court order in favor of Bank. Each of the parties hereto expressly, irrevocably and unconditionally submits and consents in advance to such jurisdiction in any action or suit commenced in any such court, and each of the parties hereto hereby irrevocably and unconditionally waives, to the fullest extent permitted by Applicable Law, any objection that it may have based upon lack of personal jurisdiction, improper venue, or forum non conveniens and hereby irrevocably and unconditionally consents to the granting of such legal or equitable relief as is deemed appropriate by such court. Each of the parties hereto hereby waives personal service of the summons, complaints, and other process issued in such action or suit and agrees that service of such summons, complaints, and other process may be made by registered or certified mail addressed to such party at the address set forth in, or subsequently provided by such party in accordance with, Section 9 of this Agreement and that service so made shall be deemed completed upon the earlier to occur of such party’s actual receipt thereof or three (3) days after deposit in the U.S. mails, proper postage prepaid.

TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, EACH OF THE PARTIES HERETO WAIVES ITS RIGHT TO A JURY TRIAL OF ANY CLAIM OR CAUSE OF ACTION ARISING OUT OF OR BASED UPON THIS AGREEMENT, THE LOAN DOCUMENTS OR ANY CONTEMPLATED TRANSACTION, INCLUDING CONTRACT, TORT, BREACH OF DUTY AND ALL OTHER CLAIMS. THIS WAIVER IS A MATERIAL INDUCEMENT FOR THE PARTIES HERETO TO ENTER INTO THIS AGREEMENT. EACH PARTY HERETO HAS REVIEWED THIS WAIVER WITH ITS COUNSEL.

This Section 10 shall survive the termination of this Agreement and the repayment of all Obligations.

11GENERAL PROVISIONS

11.1Termination Prior to Maturity Date; Survival. All covenants, representations and warranties made in this Agreement shall continue in full force until this Agreement has terminated pursuant to its terms and all Obligations (other than inchoate indemnity obligations and any other obligations which, by their express terms, are to

EXECUTION VERSION

survive the termination of this Agreement and the repayment of all Obligations) have been satisfied. So long as Borrowers have satisfied the Obligations (other than inchoate indemnity obligations, and any other obligations which, by their express terms, are to survive the termination of this Agreement and the repayment of all Obligations, and any Obligations under Bank Services Agreements that are cash collateralized in accordance with Section 3.3 of this Agreement), this Agreement may be terminated prior to the Revolving Line Maturity Date by Borrowers, effective three (3) Business Days after written notice of termination is given to Bank. All notices of termination shall be irrevocable; provided, however, that any such notice may state that it is conditioned upon the occurrence or non- occurrence of any event specified therein, in which case such notice may be revoked by the Lead Borrower (by written notice to Bank on or prior to the specified effective date) if such condition is not satisfied. Those obligations that are expressly specified in this Agreement as surviving this Agreement’s termination and the repayment of all Obligations shall continue to survive notwithstanding this Agreement’s termination and the repayment of all Obligations.

11.2Successors and Assigns. This Agreement binds and is for the benefit of the successors and permitted assigns of each party. No Borrower may assign or transfer this Agreement or any rights or obligations under it without Bank’s prior written consent (which may be granted or withheld in Bank’s sole discretion) and any other attempted assignment or transfer by such Borrower shall be null and void. Bank has the right, with the prior written consent of the Lead Borrower (such consent not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed), to sell, transfer, assign, negotiate, or grant participation in all or any part of, or any interest in, Bank’s obligations, rights, and benefits under this Agreement and the other Loan Documents; provided that, the prior written consent of Lead Borrower shall not be required if (1) a Specified Event of Default has occurred and is continuing at the time of such assignment, or (2) such assignment is to an Affiliate of Bank; provided that Lead Borrower shall be deemed to have consented to any such assignment unless it shall object thereto by written notice to Bank within ten (10) Business Days after having received notice thereof. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in this Agreement, Bank and Borrowers hereby agree that prior to any sale, transfer, assignment of any interest in, Bank’s obligations, rights, and benefits under this Agreement and the other Loan Documents that results in more than one lender being party to this Agreement, they shall use commercially reasonably efforts to amend this Agreement to include customary syndicated-credit facilities voting provisions and customary yank-a-bank provisions; provided that such actions to amend this Agreement shall not be required to be taken prior to any sale, transfer or assignment if a Specified Event of Default has occurred and is continuing.

11.3Indemnification.

(a)General Indemnification. Each Borrower shall indemnify, defend and hold Bank and its Affiliates and the partners, directors, officers, employees, agents, trustees, administrators, managers, advisors and representatives of Bank and its Affiliates (each, an “Indemnified Person”) harmless against: all losses, claims, damages, liabilities and related expenses (including Bank Expenses and the reasonable and documented out-of-pocket fees, charges and disbursements of a single counsel for all Indemnified Persons (in addition to a single local counsel in each relevant jurisdiction)) (collectively, “Claims”) arising out of, in connection with, or as a result of (i) the execution or delivery of this Agreement, any other Loan Document or any agreement or instrument contemplated hereby or thereby, the performance by the parties hereto of their respective obligations hereunder or thereunder or the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby, (ii) any Credit Extension or the use or proposed use of the proceeds therefrom, (iii) any actual or alleged presence or release of hazardous materials on or from any property owned or operated by any Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries, or any environmental liability related in any way to any Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries, or (iv) any actual or prospective claim, litigation, investigation or proceeding relating to any of the foregoing, whether based on contract, tort or any other theory, whether brought by a third party or by any Borrower, and regardless of whether any Indemnified Person is a party thereto; provided that such indemnity shall not, as to any Indemnified Person, be available to the extent that such losses, claims, damages, liabilities or related expenses are determined by a court of competent jurisdiction by final and nonappealable judgment to have resulted from the bad faith, gross negligence or willful misconduct of such Indemnified Person. All amounts due under this Section 11.3 shall be payable promptly after demand therefor.

(b)Waiver of Consequential Damages, Etc. To the fullest extent permitted by Applicable Law, no Borrower shall assert, and hereby waives, any claim against any Indemnified Person, on any theory of liability, for special, indirect, consequential or punitive damages (as opposed to direct or actual damages) or any loss of profits arising out of, in connection with, or as a result of, this Agreement, any other Loan Document or any agreement or instrument contemplated hereby, the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby, any Credit Extension,

EXECUTION VERSION

or the use of the proceeds thereof. No Indemnified Person shall be liable for any damages arising from the use by unintended recipients of any information or other materials distributed by it through telecommunications, electronic or other information transmission systems in connection with this Agreement or the other Loan Documents or the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby, except to the extent such damages are determined by a court of competent jurisdiction by final and nonappealable judgment to have resulted from the bad faith, gross negligence or willful misconduct of such Indemnified Person.

(c)Judgment Currency; Currency Indemnification. If, for the purposes of obtaining judgment in any court, it is necessary to convert a sum due hereunder or any other Loan Document in one currency into another currency, the rate of exchange used shall be that at which in accordance with normal banking procedures Bank could purchase the first currency with such other currency on the Business Day preceding that on which final judgment is given. The obligation of any Borrower with respect to any such sum due from it to Bank hereunder or under any other Loan Document shall, notwithstanding any judgment in a currency (the “Judgment Currency”) other than that in which such sum is denominated in accordance with the applicable provisions of this Agreement (the “Agreement Currency”), be discharged only to the extent that on the Business Day following receipt by Bank of any sum adjudged to be so due in the Judgment Currency, Bank may in accordance with normal banking procedures purchase the Agreement Currency with the Judgment Currency. If the amount of the Agreement Currency so purchased is less than the sum originally due to Bank from Borrower in the Agreement Currency, each Borrower agrees, as a separate obligation and notwithstanding any such judgment, to indemnify Bank against such loss. If the amount of the Agreement Currency so purchased is greater than the sum originally due to Bank in such currency, Bank agrees to return the amount of any excess to such Borrower (or to any other Person who may be entitled thereto under Applicable Law).

This Section 11.3 shall survive the termination of this Agreement and the repayment of all Obligations until all statutes of limitation with respect to the Claims, losses, and expenses for which indemnity is given shall have run.

11.4Time of Essence. Time is of the essence for the performance of all Obligations in this Agreement.

11.5Severability of Provisions. Each provision of this Agreement is severable from every other provision in determining the enforceability of any provision.

11.6Amendments in Writing; Waiver; Integration. No purported amendment or modification of any Loan Document, or waiver, discharge or termination of any obligation under any Loan Document, shall be effective unless, and only to the extent, expressly set forth in a writing signed by each party hereto. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, no oral promise or statement, nor any action, inaction, delay, failure to require performance or course of conduct shall operate as, or evidence, an amendment, supplement or waiver or have any other effect on any Loan Document. Any waiver granted shall be limited to the specific circumstance expressly described in it, and shall not apply to any subsequent or other circumstance, whether similar or dissimilar, or give rise to, or evidence, any obligation or commitment to grant any further waiver. The Loan Documents represent the entire agreement about this subject matter and supersede prior negotiations or agreements. All prior agreements, understandings, representations, warranties, and negotiations between the parties about the subject matter of the Loan Documents merge into the Loan Documents.

11.7Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts and by different parties on separate counterparts, each of which, when executed and delivered, is an original, and all taken together, constitute one Agreement. Delivery of an executed signature page of this Agreement by electronic mail transmission shall be effective as delivery of a manually executed counterpart hereof.

11.8Confidentiality. Bank agrees to maintain the confidentiality of Information (as defined below), except that Information may be disclosed (a) to Bank’s Subsidiaries and Affiliates and their respective employees, directors, agents, attorneys, accountants and other professional advisors (collectively, “Representatives” and, together with Bank, collectively, “Bank Entities”) on a need to know basis and who have agreed to be bound by the confidentiality provisions herein; (b) to prospective transferees, assignees, credit providers or purchasers of Bank’s interests under or in connection with this Agreement and their Representatives (provided, however, Bank shall obtain any such prospective transferee’s, assignee’s, credit provider’s, purchaser’s or their Representatives’ agreement to the terms of this provision); (c) following prior written notice thereof by Bank to Lead Borrower (to the extent permitted

EXECUTION VERSION

by law and practical), as required by law, regulation, subpoena, or other order; (d) following prior written notice thereof by Bank to Lead Borrower (to the extent permitted by law and practical), to Bank’s regulators or as otherwise required or requested in connection with Bank’s examination or audit other than routine examinations or audits; (e) in connection with the exercise of remedies under the Loan Documents or any action or proceeding relating to this Agreement or any other Loan Document or the enforcement of rights hereunder or thereunder; and (f) to third-party service providers of Bank so long as such service providers have executed a confidentiality agreement with Bank with terms no less restrictive than those contained herein. “Information” means all information received from, or on behalf of, any Borrower regarding any Borrower, its Subsidiaries or their business, in each case other than information that is either: (i) in the public domain or in Bank’s possession when disclosed to Bank, or becomes part of the public domain (other than as a result of its disclosure by Bank in violation of this Agreement) after disclosure to Bank; or (ii) disclosed to Bank by a third party, if Bank does not know that the third party is prohibited from disclosing the information.

11.9Electronic Execution of Documents. The words “execution,” “signed,” “signature” and words of like import in any Loan Document shall be deemed to include electronic signatures, including any Electronic Signature as defined in the Electronic Transactions Law (2003 Revision) of the Cayman Islands (the “Cayman Islands Electronic Signature Law”), if applicable, or the keeping of records in electronic form, including any Electronic Record, as defined in Cayman Islands Electronic Signature Law, each of which shall be of the same legal effect, validity and enforceability as a manually executed signature or the use of a paper-based recordkeeping systems, as the case may be, to the extent and as provided for in any Applicable Law, including, without limitation, any state law based on the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act or the Cayman Islands Electronic Signature Law; provided, however that sections 8 and 19(3) of the Cayman Islands Electronic Signature Law shall not apply to this Agreement or the execution or delivery thereof.

11.10Right of Setoff. Each Borrower hereby grants to Bank a Lien and a right of setoff as security for all Obligations to Bank, whether now existing or hereafter arising upon and against all deposits, credits, collateral and property, now or hereafter in the possession, custody, safekeeping or control of Bank or any entity under the control of Bank (including a subsidiary of Bank) or in transit to any of them, and other obligations owing to Bank or any such entity. At any time after the occurrence and during the continuance of an Event of Default, without demand or notice, Bank may setoff the same or any part thereof and apply the same to any liability or Obligation of such Borrower even though unmatured and regardless of the adequacy of any other collateral securing the Obligations. ANY AND ALL RIGHTS TO REQUIRE BANK TO EXERCISE ITS RIGHTS OR REMEDIES WITH RESPECT TO ANY OTHER COLLATERAL WHICH SECURES THE OBLIGATIONS, PRIOR TO EXERCISING ITS RIGHT OF SETOFF WITH RESPECT TO SUCH DEPOSITS, CREDITS OR OTHER PROPERTY OF ANY BORROWER, ARE HEREBY KNOWINGLY, VOLUNTARILY AND IRREVOCABLY WAIVED.

11.11Captions and Section References. The headings used in this Agreement are for convenience only and shall not affect the interpretation of this Agreement. Unless indicated otherwise, section references herein are to sections of this Agreement.

11.12Construction of Agreement. The parties hereto mutually acknowledge that they and their attorneys have participated in the preparation and negotiation of this Agreement. In cases of uncertainty this Agreement shall be construed without regard to which of the parties caused the uncertainty to exist.

11.13Relationship. The relationship of the parties to this Agreement is determined solely by the provisions of this Agreement. The parties do not intend to create any agency, partnership, joint venture, trust, fiduciary or other relationship with duties or incidents different from those of parties to an arm’s-length contract.

11.14Third Parties. Nothing in this Agreement, whether express or implied, is intended to: (a) confer any benefits, rights or remedies under or by reason of this Agreement on any Persons other than the express parties to it and their respective permitted successors and assigns; (b) relieve or discharge the obligation or liability of any Person not an express party to this Agreement; or (c) give any Person not an express party to this Agreement any right of subrogation or action against any party to this Agreement.

11.15Anti-Terrorism Law. Bank hereby notifies each Borrower that, pursuant to the requirements of Anti-Terrorism Law, Bank may be required to obtain, verify and record information that identifies such Borrower,

EXECUTION VERSION

which information may include the name and address of such Borrower and other information that will allow Bank to identify Borrower in accordance with Anti-Terrorism Law. Borrower hereby agrees to take any action necessary to enable Bank to comply with the requirements of Anti-Terrorism Law.

11.16No Novation. Each Borrower and Bank hereby agree that, effective upon the execution and delivery of this Agreement by each such party, the terms and provisions of the Prior Loan Agreement shall be and hereby are amended, restated and superseded in their entirety by the terms and provisions of this Agreement. Nothing herein contained shall be construed as a substitution or novation of the obligations of such Borrower outstanding under the Prior Loan Agreement or instruments securing the same, which obligations shall remain in full force and effect, except to the extent that the terms thereof are modified hereby or by instruments executed concurrently herewith. Nothing expressed or implied in this Agreement shall be construed as a release or other discharge of any Borrower from any of the Obligations or any liabilities under the Prior Loan Agreement or any of the security agreements, pledge agreements, mortgages, guaranties or other Loan Documents executed in connection therewith. Each Borrower hereby (i) confirms and agrees that each Loan Document to which it is a party is, and shall continue to be, in full force and effect and is hereby ratified and confirmed in all respects except that on and after the Effective Date all references in any such Loan Document to the “Loan and Security Agreement”, the “Loan Agreement” the “Agreement”, “thereto”, “thereof”, “thereunder” or words of like import referring to the Prior Loan Agreement shall mean the Prior Loan Agreement as amended and restated by this Agreement; and (ii) confirms and agrees that to the extent that the Prior Loan Agreement or any Loan Document executed in connection therewith purports to assign or pledge to the Bank, or to grant to the Bank a Lien on, any collateral as security for the Obligations of any Borrower from time to time existing in respect of the Prior Loan Agreement, such pledge, assignment or grant of the Lien is hereby ratified and confirmed in all respects and shall remain effective as of the first date it became effective.

12ACCOUNTING TERMS AND OTHER DEFINITIONS

12.1Accounting and Other Terms.

(a)Accounting terms not defined in this Agreement shall be construed following GAAP. Calculations and determinations must be made following GAAP (except for with respect to unaudited financial statements for the absence of footnotes and subject to year-end audit adjustments), provided that if at any time any change in GAAP would affect the computation of any financial ratio or requirement set forth in any Loan Document, and either Borrower or Bank shall so request, each Borrower and Bank shall negotiate in good faith to amend such ratio or requirement to preserve the original intent thereof in light of such change in GAAP; provided, further, that, until so amended, (i) such ratio or requirement shall continue to be computed in accordance with GAAP prior to such change therein and (ii) each Borrower shall provide Bank financial statements and other documents required under this Agreement or as reasonably requested hereunder setting forth a reconciliation between calculations of such ratio or requirement made before and after giving effect to such change in GAAP. Notwithstanding any other provision contained herein, all terms of an accounting or financial nature used herein shall be construed, and all computations of amounts and ratios referred to herein, and the determination of Indebtedness hereunder, shall be made without giving effect to Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Standard ASC 842 (Leases) (or any other applicable financial accounting standard having a similar result or effect) and related interpretations, in each case, to the extent any lease (or similar arrangement conveying the right to use) would be required to be treated as a capital lease thereunder where such lease (or similar arrangement) would have been treated as an operating lease under GAAP as in effect immediately prior to the effectiveness of the ASC 842. Notwithstanding any terms in this Agreement to the contrary, for purposes of any financial covenant and other financial calculations in this Agreement (other than for purposes of updating the Borrowing Base) which are made in whole or in part based upon the Availability Amount as of the last day of a particular month, calculations relying on information from a Borrowing Base Statement shall be derived from the Borrowing Base Statement most recently delivered. If and prior to the termination of this Agreement, as a result of any restatement of or other adjustment to the Borrowing Base Statement or for any other reason, Bank determines that (x) the Net Availability Percentage as calculated by any Borrower as of any applicable date was inaccurate and (y) a proper calculation of the Net Availability Percentage would have resulted in different pricing for any period, then (i) if the proper calculation of the Net Availability Percentage would have resulted in higher pricing for such period, Borrower shall automatically and retroactively be obligated to pay to Bank promptly on demand by Bank, an amount equal to the excess of the amount of interest and fees (including, without limitation, the Unused Revolving Line Facility Fee) that should have been paid for such period over the amount of interest and fees actually

EXECUTION VERSION

paid for such period; and (ii) if the proper calculation of the Net Availability Percentage would have resulted in lower pricing for such period, Bank shall not have any obligation to repay any interest or fees to Borrowers.

(b)As used in the Loan Documents: (i) the words “shall” or “will” are mandatory, the word “may” is permissive, the word “or” is not exclusive, the words “includes” and “including” are not limiting, the singular includes the plural, and numbers denoting amounts that are set off in brackets are negative; (ii) the term “continuing” in the context of an Event of Default means that the Event of Default has not been remedied (if capable of being remedied) or waived; and (iii) whenever a representation or warranty is made to Borrower’s knowledge or awareness, to the “best of” Borrower’s knowledge, or with a similar qualification, knowledge or awareness means the actual knowledge, after reasonable investigation, of any Responsible Officer.

12.2Definitions. Capitalized terms not otherwise defined in this Agreement shall have the meanings set forth in this Section 12.2. All other terms contained in this Agreement, unless otherwise indicated, shall have the meaning provided by the Code to the extent such terms are defined therein. As used in this Agreement, the following capitalized terms have the following meanings:

“Account” is, as to any Person, any “account” of such Person as “account” is defined in the Code with such additions to such term as may hereafter be made, and includes, without limitation, all accounts receivable and other sums owing to such Person.

“Account Debtor” is any “account debtor” as defined in the Code with such additions to such term as may hereafter be made.

“Acquisition” is the purchase or other acquisition (whether by merger, consolidation or otherwise) by any Borrower of all or substantially all of the assets, stock or other equity interests of a Person.

“Adjusted Term SOFR” is set forth on Schedule I hereto.

“Administrator” is an individual that is named:

(a)as an “Administrator” in the “SVB Online Services” form completed by Lead Borrower with the authority to determine who will be authorized to use SVB Online Services (as defined in Bank’s Online Banking Agreement as in effect from time to time) on behalf of any Borrower; and

(b)as an Authorized Signer of any Borrower in an approval by the Board.

“Advance” or “Advances” is a revolving credit loan (or revolving credit loans) under the Revolving Line. “Affiliate” is, with respect to any Person, each other Person that owns or controls directly or indirectly the

Person, any Person that controls or is controlled by or is under common control with the Person, and each of that

Person’s senior executive officers, directors, partners and, for any Person that is a limited liability company, that Person’s managers and members. For purposes of the definition of Eligible Accounts, Affiliate shall include a Specified Affiliate.

“Agreement” is defined in the preamble hereof. “Agreement Currency” is defined in Section 11.3.

“Anti-Terrorism Law” is any law relating to terrorism or money-laundering, including Executive Order No.

13224 and the USA Patriot Act.

“Applicable Law” are all applicable provisions of constitutions, laws, statutes, ordinances, rules, treaties, regulations, permits, licenses, approvals, interpretations and orders of courts or Governmental Authorities and all orders and decrees of all courts and arbitrators.

EXECUTION VERSION

“Authorized Signer” is, with respect to each Borrower, any individual listed in such Borrower’s Borrowing Resolution who is authorized to execute the Loan Documents, including making (and executing if applicable) any Credit Extension request, on behalf of such Borrower.

“Availability Amount” is the lesser of (a) the Revolving Line or (b) the Borrowing Base, minus the sum of

(i) all outstanding principal amounts of any Advances, and (ii) the aggregate Dollar Equivalent of the face amount of outstanding Letters of Credit (including drawn but unreimbursed Letters of Credit and any Letter of Credit Reserve).

“Bank” is defined in the preamble hereof.

“Bank Entities” is defined in Section 11.8.

“Bank Expenses” are all audit fees, costs and reasonable expenses (including reasonable, out-of-pocket and documented attorneys’ fees and expenses for a single counsel plus, if applicable, local or specialist counsel) for preparing, amending, negotiating, administering, defending and enforcing the Loan Documents (including, without limitation, those incurred in connection with appeals or Insolvency Proceedings) or otherwise incurred with respect to any Borrower.

“Bank Services” are any products, credit services, and/or financial accommodations previously, now, or hereafter provided to any Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries by Bank or any Bank Affiliate, including, without limitation, any letters of credit, cash management services (including, without limitation, merchant services, direct deposit of payroll, business credit cards, and check cashing services), interest rate swap arrangements, and foreign exchange services as any such products or services may be identified in Bank’s various agreements related thereto (each, a “Bank Services Agreement”) and shall include, without limitation, any Letters of Credit pursuant to Section 1.2.

“Bank Services Agreement” is defined in the definition of Bank Services.

“Bank Services Notice” is defined in Section 5.9(b).

“Board” is Borrower’s board of directors or equivalent governing body.

“Borrower” or “Borrowers” is set forth on Schedule I hereto.

“Borrowers’ Books” are all Borrowers’ books and records including ledgers, federal and state tax returns, records regarding Borrower’s assets or liabilities, the Collateral, business operations or financial condition, and all computer programs or storage or any equipment containing such information.

“Borrowing Base” is eighty-five percent (85%) of Eligible Accounts, as determined by Bank from Lead Borrower’s most recent Borrowing Base Statement (and as may subsequently be reasonably updated by Bank based upon information received by Bank including, without limitation, Accounts that are paid and/or billed following the date of the Borrowing Base Statement).

“Borrowing Base Statement” is that certain statement of the value of certain Collateral in the form specified by Bank to Borrower from time to time.

“Borrowing Resolutions” are, with respect to any Person, those resolutions adopted by such Person’s board of directors (and, if required under the terms of such Person’s Operating Documents, stockholders) and delivered by such Person to Bank approving the Loan Documents to which such Person is a party and the transactions contemplated thereby, together with a certificate executed by its secretary on behalf of such Person certifying (a) such Person has the authority to execute, deliver, and perform its obligations under each of the Loan Documents to which it is a party,

(b) that set forth as a part of or attached as an exhibit to such certificate is a true, correct, and complete copy of the resolutions then in full force and effect authorizing and ratifying the execution, delivery, and performance by such Person of the Loan Documents to which it is a party, (c) the name(s) of the Person(s) authorized to execute the Loan Documents, including making (and executing if applicable) any Credit Extension request, on behalf of such Person,

EXECUTION VERSION

together with a sample of the true signature(s) of such Person(s), and (d) that Bank may conclusively rely on such certificate unless and until such Person shall have delivered to Bank a further certificate canceling or amending such prior certificate.

“Business Day” is a day other than a Saturday, Sunday or other day on which commercial banks in the State of California or the State of New York are authorized or required by law to close, except that if any determination of a “Business Day” shall relate to a LIBORSOFR Advance, the term “Business Day” shall also mean a day on which dealings are carried on in the London interbank marketU.S. Government Securities Business Day.

“Cash Collateral Account” is defined in Section 5.4(c)

“Cash Equivalents” are Investments made in accordance with the investment policy of Lead Borrower, which policy was disclosed to Bank on or prior to the Effective Date and may be updated from time to time by Lead Borrower and disclosed to Bank; provided that such investment policy and any updates thereto have been approved by Bank, which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed.

“Cash Management Services” is defined in Section 1.4.

“Cayman Islands Electronic Signature Law” is defined in Section 11.9.

“Change in Control” is (a) at any time, any “person” or “group” (as such terms are used in Sections 13(d) and 14(d) of the Exchange Act or any comparable successor provisions (excluding any employee benefit plan, or related trust, sponsored or maintained by the Lead Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries), shall become, or obtain rights (whether by means of warrants, options or otherwise) to become, the “beneficial owner” (as defined in Rules 13(d)-3 and 13(d)-5 under the Exchange Act), directly or indirectly, of 45.0% or more of the ordinary voting power for the election of directors, partners, managers and members, as applicable, of Lead Borrower (determined on a fully diluted basis) other than by the sale of Borrower’s equity securities in a public offering or to venture capital or private equity investors so long as Borrower identifies to Bank the venture capital or private equity investors at least seven (7) Business Days prior to the closing of the transaction and provides to Bank a description of the material terms of the transaction; (b) during any period of 12 consecutive months, a majority of the members of the Board of Lead Borrower cease to be composed of individuals (i) who were members of that board or equivalent governing body on the first day of such period, (ii) whose election or nomination to that board or equivalent governing body was approved by individuals referred to in clause (i) above constituting at the time of such election or nomination at least a majority of that board or equivalent governing body or (iii) whose election or nomination to that board or other equivalent governing body was approved by individuals referred to in clauses (i) and (ii) above constituting at the time of such election or nomination at least a majority of that board or equivalent governing body; (c) at any time, Outbrain shall cease to own and control, of record and beneficially, directly or indirectly, 100.0% of each class of outstanding stock, partnership, membership, or other ownership interest or other equity securities of Zemanta Holding free and clear of all Liens (except Permitted Liens); or (d) at any time, Zemanta Holding shall cease to own and control, of record and beneficially, directly or indirectly, 100.0% of each class of outstanding stock, partnership, membership, or other ownership interest or other equity securities of Zemanta free and clear of all Liens (except Permitted Liens).

“Change in Law” is the occurrence, after the Effective Date, of: (a) the adoption or taking effect of any law, rule, regulation or treaty; (b) any change in Applicable Law or in the administration, interpretation, implementation or application thereof by any Governmental Authority; or (c) the making or issuance of any request, rule, guideline or directive (whether or not having the force of law) by any Governmental Authority; provided that notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, (i) the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and all requests, rules, guidelines or directives thereunder or issued in connection therewith and (ii) all requests, rules, guidelines or directives promulgated by Bank for International Settlements, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (or any successor or similar authority) or the United States or foreign regulatory authorities, in each case pursuant to Basel III, shall in each case be deemed to be a “Change in Law”, regardless of the date enacted, adopted or issued.

“Claims” is defined in Section 11.3.

EXECUTION VERSION

“Code” is the Uniform Commercial Code, as the same may, from time to time, be enacted and in effect in the State of New York; provided, that, to the extent that the Code is used to define any term herein or in any Loan Document and such term is defined differently in different Articles or Divisions of the Code, the definition of such term contained in Article or Division 9 shall govern; provided further, that in the event that, by reason of mandatory provisions of law, any or all of the attachment, perfection, or priority of, or remedies with respect to, Bank’s Lien on any Collateral is governed by the Uniform Commercial Code in effect in a jurisdiction other than the State of New York, the term “Code” shall mean the Uniform Commercial Code as enacted and in effect in such other jurisdiction solely for purposes of the provisions thereof relating to such attachment, perfection, priority, or remedies and for purposes of definitions relating to such provisions.

“Collateral” consists of all of Borrowers’ right, title and interest in and to the following personal property:

(a)all goods, Accounts (including health-care receivables), Equipment, Inventory, contract rights or rights to payment of money, leases, license agreements, franchise agreements, General Intangibles (except as provided below), commercial tort claims, documents, instruments (including any promissory notes), chattel paper (whether tangible or electronic), cash, deposit accounts, certificates of deposit, fixtures, letters of credit rights (whether or not the letter of credit is evidenced by a writing), securities, securities accounts, securities entitlements and all other investment property, supporting obligations, and financial assets, whether now owned or hereafter acquired, wherever located; and (ii) all Borrower’s Books relating to the foregoing, and any and all claims, rights and interests in any of the above and all substitutions for, additions, attachments, accessories, accessions and improvements to and replacements, products, proceeds and insurance proceeds of any or all of the foregoing.

(b)Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Collateral does not include any of the following:

(i) more than 65% of the presently existing and hereafter arising issued and outstanding shares of capital stock owned by any Borrower of any Foreign Subsidiary which shares entitle the holder thereof to vote for directors or any other matter; (ii) rights held under a license that are not assignable by their terms without the consent of the licensor thereof (but only to the extent such restriction on assignment is enforceable under applicable law); (iii) any interest of any Borrower as a lessee or sublessee under a real property lease or an Equipment lease if Borrower is prohibited by the terms of such lease from granting a security interest in such lease or under which such an assignment or Lien would cause a default to occur under such lease (other than to the extent that any such term would be rendered ineffective pursuant to Section 9-407(a) of Article/Division 9 of the Code); provided, however, that upon termination of such prohibition, such interest shall immediately become Collateral without any action by Borrowers or Bank; (iv) any intent-to-use trademarks at all times prior to the first use thereof, whether by the actual use thereof in commerce, the recording of a statement of use with the United States Patent and Trademark Office or otherwise; (v) any fee interest of any Borrower in any real property having a value of less than Two Million Five Hundred Thousand Dollars ($2,500,000.00) or as a lessee or sublessee under a real property lease or an equipment lease, or (vi) Intellectual Property; provided, however, the Collateral shall include all Accounts and all proceeds of Intellectual Property. If a judicial authority (including a U.S. Bankruptcy Court) would hold that a security interest in the underlying Intellectual Property is necessary to have a security interest in such Accounts and such property that are proceeds of Intellectual Property, then the Collateral shall automatically, and effective as of the Effective Date, include the Intellectual Property to the extent necessary to permit perfection of Bank’s security interest in such Accounts and such other property of any Borrower that are proceeds of the Intellectual Property.

(c)Pursuant to the terms of a certain negative pledge arrangement with Bank, Borrowers have agreed not to encumber any of its Intellectual Property without Bank’s prior written consent.

“Collateral Account” is any Deposit Account, Securities Account, or Commodity Account.

“Commodity Account” is any “commodity account” as defined in the Code with such additions to such term as may hereafter be made.

EXECUTION VERSION

“Compliance Statement” is that certain statement in the form attached hereto as Exhibit A.

“Conforming Changes” are, with respect to either the use or administration of any benchmark or the use, administration, adoption or implementation of any benchmark replacement rate, any technical, administrative or operational changes (including changes to the definition of “Business Day,” the definition of “U.S. Government Securities Business Day,” the definition of “Interest Period” or any similar or analogous definition (or the addition of a concept of “interest period”), timing and frequency of determining rates and making payments of interest, timing of borrowing requests or prepayment, conversion or continuation notices, the applicability and length of lookback periods, the applicability of Section 2.4(c) and other technical, administrative or operational matters) that Bank decides in its reasonable discretion (in consultation with Borrowers) may be appropriate to reflect the adoption and implementation of any such rate or to permit the use and administration thereof by Bank in a manner substantially consistent with market practice (or, if Bank decides, in its reasonable discretion, that adoption of any portion of such market practice is not administratively feasible or if Bank determines, in its reasonable discretion, that no market practice for the administration of any such rate exists, in such other manner of administration as Bank decides is reasonably necessary in connection with the administration of this Agreement and the other Loan Documents).

“Connection Income Taxes” are Other Connection Taxes that are imposed on or measured by net income (however denominated) or that are franchise Taxes or branch profits Taxes.

“Contingent Obligation” is, for any Person, any direct or indirect liability of that Person for (a) any direct or indirect guaranty by such Person of any indebtedness, lease, dividend, letter of credit, credit card or other obligation of another, (b) any other obligation endorsed, co-made, discounted or sold with recourse by that Person, or for which that Person is directly or indirectly liable; (c) any obligations for undrawn letters of credit for the account of that Person; and (d) all obligations from any interest rate, currency or commodity swap agreement, interest rate cap or collar agreement, or other agreement or arrangement designated to protect a Person against fluctuation in interest rates, currency exchange rates or commodity prices; but “Contingent Obligation” does not include endorsements in the ordinary course of business. The amount of a Contingent Obligation is the stated or determined amount of the primary obligation for which the Contingent Obligation is made or, if not determinable, the maximum reasonably anticipated liability for it determined by the Person in good faith; but the amount may not exceed the maximum of the obligations under any guarantee or other support arrangement.

“Continuation Date” is any date on which Lead Borrower continues a LIBOR Advance into another Interest

Period.

“Control Agreement” is any control agreement entered into among the depository institution at which Borrower maintains a Deposit Account or the securities intermediary or commodity intermediary at which such Borrower maintains a Securities Account or a Commodity Account, such Borrower, and Bank pursuant to which Bank obtains control (within the meaning of the Code) over such Deposit Account, Securities Account, or Commodity Account.

“Conversion Date” is any date on which Lead Borrower converts a Prime Rate Advance to a LIBOR Advance or a LIBOR Advance to a Prime Rate Advance.

“Copyrights” are any and all copyright rights, copyright applications, copyright registrations and like protections in each work of authorship and derivative work thereof, whether published or unpublished and whether or not the same also constitutes a trade secret.

“Credit Extension” is any Advance, Overadvance, Letter of Credit, or any other extension of credit by Bank for a Borrower’s benefit requested by any Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries.

“Currency” is coined money and such other banknotes or other paper money as are authorized by law and circulate as a medium of exchange.

“Default” is any event which with notice or passage of time or both, would constitute an Event of Default.

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“Default Rate” is defined in Section 1.4(c).

“Deposit Account” is any “deposit account” as defined in the Code with such additions to such term as may hereafter be made.

“Designated Deposit Account” is the deposit account established by Borrower with Bank for purposes of receiving Credit Extensions.

“Division” is in reference to any Person which is an entity, the division of such Person into two (2) or more separate Persons, with the dividing Person either continuing or terminating its existence as part of such division, including, without limitation, as contemplated under Section 18-217 of the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act for limited liability companies formed under Delaware law, Section 17-220 of the Delaware Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act for limited partnerships formed under Delaware law, or any analogous action taken pursuant to any other Applicable Law with respect to any corporation, limited liability company, partnership or other entity.

“Dollars,” “dollars” and the use of the sign “$” are only lawful money of the United States and not any other currency, regardless of whether that currency uses the “$” sign to denote its currency or may be readily converted into lawful money of the United States.

“Dollar Equivalent” is, at any time, (a) with respect to any amount denominated in Dollars, such amount, and (b) with respect to any amount denominated in a Foreign Currency, the equivalent amount therefor in Dollars as determined by Bank at such time on the basis of the then-prevailing rate of exchange in San Francisco, California, for sales of the Foreign Currency for transfer to the country issuing such Foreign Currency.

“Dormant Subsidiary” is any Domestic Subsidiary of any Borrower that exists on the Effective Date that has no assets (other than de minimis assets) or activities and is not a Borrower hereunder on the Effective Date.

“Domestic Subsidiary” is a Subsidiary organized under the laws of the United States or any state or territory thereof or the District of Columbia.

“EBITDA” is, for any measurement period, the sum, without duplication, of (i) Net Income, plus, with respect to clauses (ii) through (xi), to the extent deducted in the calculation of Net Income, (ii) Interest Expense, plus

(iii) depreciation expense and amortization expense, plus (iv) federal, state and local income taxes, whether paid, payable or accrued, plus (v) all non-cash expenses reflected in Net Income in an amount not to exceed $2,500,000 in any fiscal year, plus (vi) non-cash stock compensation expense, plus (vii) costs, fees, expenses and reserves associated with (A) any equity offerings, Investments (including Acquisitions), Transfers, recapitalization, restructurings, and the incurrence or refinancings of Indebtedness, in each case as permitted herein; provided that the amount of such costs, fees, and expenses associated with non-successful transactions added back shall not exceed $5,000,000 in any fiscal year and (B) this Agreement and the other Loan Documents (including any amendments), whether or not successful; plus (viii) costs and expenses pursuant to employee or management equity or stock plans in an amount not to exceed $2,500,000 in any fiscal year; plus (ix) extraordinary, unusual, or nonrecurring non-cash charges; plus (x) litigations, investigations, damages, settlements, claims, and fines; plus (xi) losses on Transfers of assets outside the ordinary course of business; plus (xii) without duplication of any other pro forma adjustment to Net Income or EBITDA, the amount of “run rate” cost savings, operating expense reductions and synergies realized or expected to be realized as a result of mergers, consolidations, amalgamations and other business combinations, Acquisitions and other Investments, Transfers, divestitures, recapitalizations, restructurings, integration initiatives, insourcing initiatives, operating improvements, cost savings initiatives and other business optimization initiatives, actions or events (including, for the avoidance of doubt, any of the foregoing occurring prior to the Effective Date); provided that (A) such cost savings, operating expense reduction and synergies are reasonably identifiable, factually supportable and have been realized or are projected by Lead Borrower in good faith to be realized from such actions, and (B) actions resulting in such cost savings, operating expense reduction and synergies have been taken or are reasonably anticipated to be taken within twelve (12) months following the end of such period, net of the amount of actual benefits realized during such period therefrom (which cost savings, operating expense reductions and synergies shall be calculated on a pro forma basis as though such cost savings, operating expense reductions or synergies had been realized on the first day of such period), and Lead Borrower shall have provided a reasonably detailed statement or schedule of such cost savings, operating expense reductions and synergies and a certification in respect of the

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requirements set forth in this proviso, (B) no cost savings, operating expense reductions or synergies shall be added pursuant to this addback to the extent duplicative of any expenses or charges relating to such cost savings that are otherwise added back in the calculation of EBITDA for such period and (C) the aggregate amounts added back pursuant to clauses (x) and (xii) shall not exceed twenty percent (20.0%) of EBITDA (calculated prior to giving effect to such addbacks) in the aggregate for any four consecutive fiscal quarter periods; plus (xiii) other add-backs to EBITDA approved by Bank on a case-by-case basis (such approval in its sole discretion); minus to the extent increasing Net Income, gains on Transfers of assets outside the ordinary course of business.

“Effective Date” is set forth on Schedule I hereto.

“Eligible Accounts” are Accounts owing to a Borrower which arise in the ordinary course of such Borrower’s business that meet all such Borrower’s representations and warranties in Section 4.3, that have been, at the option of Bank, confirmed in accordance with Section 5.4(f) of this Agreement, and are due and owing from Account Debtors deemed creditworthy by Bank in its Permitted Discretion. Bank reserves the right at any time after the Effective Date, upon advance written notice to Borrower, to adjust any of the criteria set forth below and to establish new criteria in its Permitted Discretion. Unless Bank otherwise agrees in writing, Eligible Accounts shall not include:

(a)Accounts for which the Account Debtor is Borrower’s Affiliate, officer, employee, or

agent;

(b) Accounts that the Account Debtor has not paid within one hundred twenty (120) days of invoice date regardless of invoice payment period terms;

(c)Accounts with credit balances over one hundred twenty (120) days from invoice date;

(d) Accounts owing from an Account Debtor if fifty percent (50%) or more of the Accounts owing from such Account Debtor have not been paid within one hundred twenty (120) days of invoice date;

(e) Accounts owing from an Account Debtor which does not have its principal place of business in the United States (except for Eligible Foreign Accounts), unless otherwise approved by Bank in writing on a case-by-case basis in its sole and absolute discretion;

(f) Accounts billed from and/or payable to Borrower outside of the United States unless Bank has a first priority, perfected security interest or other enforceable Lien in such Accounts under all applicable laws, including foreign laws (sometimes called foreign invoiced accounts);

(g)Accounts in which Bank does not have a first priority, perfected security interest under all applicable laws;

(h)Accounts billed and/or payable in a Currency other than Dollars (except for Eligible Foreign Currency Accounts);

(i)Accounts owing from an Account Debtor to the extent that a Borrower is indebted or obligated in any manner to the Account Debtor (as creditor, lessor, supplier or otherwise - sometimes called “contra” accounts, accounts payable, customer deposits or credit accounts), but only to the extent of such Borrower’s indebtedness or obligation to such Account Debtor;

(j)Accounts with or in respect of accruals for marketing allowances, incentive rebates, price protection, cooperative advertising and other similar marketing credits, unless otherwise approved by Bank in writing;

(k)Accounts owing from an Account Debtor which is a United States government entity or any department, agency, or instrumentality thereof unless Borrower has assigned its payment rights to Bank and the assignment has been acknowledged under the Federal Assignment of Claims Act of 1940, as amended;

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(l)Accounts with customer deposits and/or with respect to which a Borrower has received an upfront payment, to the extent of such customer deposit and/or upfront payment;

(m)Accounts for demonstration or promotional equipment, or in which goods are consigned, or sold on a “sale guaranteed”, “sale or return”, “sale on approval”, or other terms if Account Debtor’s payment may be conditional;

(n)Accounts owing from an Account Debtor where goods or services have not yet been rendered to the Account Debtor (sometimes called memo billings or pre-billings);

(o)Accounts subject to contractual arrangements between a Borrower and an Account Debtor where payments shall be scheduled or due according to completion or fulfillment requirements where the Account Debtor has a right of offset for damages suffered as a result of Borrower’s failure to perform in accordance with the contract (sometimes called contracts accounts receivable, progress billings, milestone billings, or fulfillment contracts);

(p)Accounts owing from an Account Debtor the amount of which may be subject to withholding based on the Account Debtor’s satisfaction of a Borrower’s complete performance (but only to the extent of the amount withheld; sometimes called retainage billings);

(q)Accounts subject to trust provisions, subrogation rights of a bonding company, or a

statutory trust;

(r)Accounts owing from an Account Debtor that has been invoiced for goods that have not been shipped to the Account Debtor unless Bank, applicable Borrower, and the Account Debtor have entered into an agreement acceptable to Bank wherein the Account Debtor acknowledges that (i) it has title to and has ownership of the goods wherever located, (ii) a bona fide sale of the goods has occurred, and (iii) it owes payment for such goods in accordance with invoices from such Borrower (sometimes called “bill and hold” accounts);

(s)Accounts for which the Account Debtor has not been invoiced;

(t)Accounts that represent non-trade receivables or that are derived by means other than in the ordinary course of a Borrower’s business;

(u)Accounts for which a Borrower has changed the invoice date;

(v)Accounts arising from chargebacks, debit memos or other payment deductions taken by an

Account Debtor;

(w)Accounts arising from product returns and/or exchanges (sometimes called “warranty” or “RMA” accounts);

(x)Accounts in which the Account Debtor disputes liability or makes any claim (but only up to the disputed or claimed amount), or if the Account Debtor is subject to an Insolvency Proceeding, or becomes insolvent, or goes out of business;

(y)Accounts owing from an Account Debtor, whose total obligations to Borrower exceed twenty-five percent (25%) of all Accounts, for the amounts that exceed that percentage, unless Bank approves in writing; and

(z)Accounts for which Bank in its Permitted Discretion determines collection to be doubtful, including, without limitation, accounts represented by “refreshed” or “recycled” invoices.

“Eligible Foreign Accounts” are Accounts which are billed from and payable to a Borrower in the United States related to products sold or services rendered by such Borrower to the Account Debtor, but which are owing

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from an Account Debtor which has its principal place of business in Canada, the United Kingdom, Japan, Italy, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Australia, Israel or Singapore, and are otherwise Eligible Accounts; provided, in no event shall the aggregate amount of such Eligible Foreign Accounts included in the Borrowing Base together with Eligible Foreign Currency Accounts included in the Borrowing Base constitute more than thirty-five percent (35%) of all Eligible Accounts included in the Borrowing Base.

“Eligible Foreign Currency Accounts” are Accounts billed and/or payable in a Currency other than Dollars, and are otherwise Eligible Accounts; provided, in no event shall the aggregate amount of such Eligible Foreign Currency Accounts included in the Borrowing Base constitute more than twenty-five percent (25%) of all Eligible Accounts included in the Borrowing Base.

“Environmental Laws” are any Applicable Law (including any permits, concessions, grants, franchises, licenses, agreements or governmental restrictions) relating to pollution or the protection of health, safety or the environment or the release of any materials into the environment (including those related to hazardous materials, air emissions, discharges to waste or public systems and health and safety matters).

“Equipment” is all “equipment” as defined in the Code with such additions to such term as may hereafter be made, and includes without limitation all machinery, fixtures, goods, vehicles (including motor vehicles and trailers), and any interest in any of the foregoing.

“ERISA” is the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, and its regulations.

“Event of Default” is defined in Section 7.

“Exchange Act” is the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

“Excluded Accounts” is defined in Section 5.9(c).

“Excluded Taxes” are any of the following Taxes imposed on or with respect to Bank or required to be withheld or deducted from a payment to Bank, (a) Taxes imposed on or measured by net income (however denominated), franchise Taxes, and branch profits Taxes, in each case, (i) imposed as a result of Bank being organized under the laws of, or having its principal office or its applicable lending office located in, the jurisdiction imposing such Tax (or any political subdivision thereof) or (ii) that are Other Connection Taxes, (b) U.S. federal withholding Taxes imposed on amounts payable to or for the account of Bank with respect to an applicable interest in a Credit Extension or the Revolving Line pursuant to a law in effect on the date on which (i) Bank acquires such interest in the Credit Extensions or Revolving Line or (ii) Bank changes its lending office, except in each case to the extent that, pursuant to Section 1.8, amounts with respect to such Taxes were payable either to Bank’s assignor immediately before Bank became a party hereto or to Bank immediately before it changed its lending office, (c) Taxes attributable to Bank’s failure to comply with Section 1.8(b), and (d) any withholding Taxes imposed under FATCA.

“FATCA” are Sections 1471 through 1474 of the Internal Revenue Code, as of the date of this Agreement (or any amended or successor version that is substantively comparable and not materially more onerous to comply with), any current or future regulations or official interpretations thereof, any agreements entered into pursuant to Section 1471(b)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code and any fiscal or regulatory legislation, rules or practices adopted pursuant to any intergovernmental agreement, treaty or convention among Governmental Authorities and implementing such Sections of the Internal Revenue Code.

“Financial Statement Repository” is dwong@svb.com of collecting information approved and designated by Bank after providing notice thereof to Borrower from time to time.

“Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio” is, as calculated on a consolidated basis for Outbrain and its Subsidiaries, and for the relevant measurement period, the ratio of (a) the sum of (i) EBITDA; minus (ii) the portion of taxes actually paid in cash during such period, minus (iii) consolidated capital expenditures (excluding the principal amount funded with Permitted Indebtedness, other than Advances, incurred in connection with such expenditures net of sales proceeds of equipment), minus (iv) capitalized software expenses minus (v) Restricted Payments made in cash during such

EXECUTION VERSION

period; divided by (b) the sum of (without duplication) of (i) cash payments of Interest Expense for such period, plus

(ii) scheduled payments made in cash during such period on account of principal of Indebtedness of Outbrain and its consolidated Subsidiaries plus (iii) capital lease payments made in cash during such period.

“Foreign Currency” is the lawful money of a country other than the United States.

“Foreign Subsidiary” is any Subsidiary which is not a Domestic Subsidiary.

“Funding Date” is any date on which a Credit Extension is made to or for the account of a Borrower which shall be a Business Day.

“FX Contract” is any foreign exchange contract by and between a Borrower and Bank under which such Borrower commits to purchase from or sell to Bank a specific amount of Foreign Currency at a set price or on a specified date.

“GAAP” is generally accepted accounting principles set forth in the opinions and pronouncements of the Accounting Principles Board of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and statements and pronouncements of the Financial Accounting Standards Board or in such other statements by such other Person as may be approved by a significant segment of the accounting profession, which are applicable to the circumstances as of the date of determination.

“General Intangibles” is all “general intangibles” as defined in the Code in effect on the date hereof with such additions to such term as may hereafter be made, and includes without limitation, all Intellectual Property, claims, income and other tax refunds, security and other deposits, payment intangibles, contract rights, options to purchase or sell real or personal property, rights in all litigation presently or hereafter pending (whether in contract, tort or otherwise), insurance policies (including without limitation key man, property damage, and business interruption insurance), payments of insurance and rights to payment of any kind.

“Governmental Approval” is any consent, authorization, approval, order, license, franchise, permit, certificate, accreditation, registration, filing or notice, of, issued by, from or to, or other act by or in respect of, any Governmental Authority.

“Governmental Authority” is any nation or government, any state or other political subdivision thereof, any agency, authority, instrumentality, regulatory body, court, central bank or other entity exercising executive, legislative, judicial, taxing, regulatory or administrative functions of or pertaining to government, any securities exchange and any self-regulatory organization.

“Illegality Notice” is defined in Section 2.5.

“Indebtedness” is (a) indebtedness for borrowed money or the deferred price of property or services, such as reimbursement and other obligations for surety bonds and letters of credit, (b) obligations evidenced by notes, bonds, debentures or similar instruments, (c) capital lease obligations, (d) Contingent Obligations (other than any contingent earn-out obligation or other Contingent Obligation related to a Permitted Acquisition or an Investment or other acquisition permitted hereunder (in each case unless required to be reflected as liabilities on the balance sheet of the applicable Person in accordance with GAAP)) and (e) other short- and long-term obligations under debt agreements, lines of credit and extensions of credit.

“Indemnified Person” is defined in Section 11.3.

“Indemnified Taxes” are (a) Taxes, other than Excluded Taxes, imposed on or with respect to any payment made by or on account of any obligation of Borrower under any Loan Document and (b) to the extent not otherwise described in clause (a), Other Taxes.

“Information” is defined in Section 11.8.

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“Insolvency Proceeding” is any proceeding by or against any Person under the United States Bankruptcy Code, or any other bankruptcy or insolvency law, including assignments for the benefit of creditors, compositions, extensions generally with its creditors, or proceedings seeking reorganization, arrangement, receivership or other relief.

“Intellectual Property” is, with respect to any Person, all of such Person’s right, title, and interest in and to the following:

(a)its Copyrights, Trademarks and Patents;

(b)any and all trade secrets and trade secret rights, including, without limitation, any rights to unpatented inventions, know-how and operating manuals;

(c)any and all source code;

(d)any and all design rights which may be available to such Person;

(e)any and all claims for damages by way of past, present and future infringement of any of the foregoing, with the right, but not the obligation, to sue for and collect such damages for said use or infringement of the Intellectual Property rights identified above; and

(f)all amendments, renewals and extensions of any of the Copyrights, Trademarks or Patents.

“Interest Expense” is, for any measurement period, interest expense determined in accordance with GAAP

for the relevant period ending on such date, including, in any event, interest expense with respect to any Credit Extension and other Indebtedness of Outbrain and its Subsidiaries, including, without limitation or duplication, all commissions, discounts, amortization of debt discounts, or related amortization and other fees and charges with respect to letters of credit and bankers’ acceptance financing and the net costs associated with interest rate swap, cap, and similar arrangements, and the interest portion of any deferred payment obligation (including leases of all types); provided however, any interest expense incurred or accrued prior to the Effective Date as a result of the exchange of notes into PubCo Notes shall not constitute Interest Expense under this Agreement.

“Interest Payment DatePeriod” is, with respect to (a) any LIBOR Advance having an Interest Period of three months or less, the last day of each Interest Period applicable to such LIBOR Advance, (b) any LIBOR Advance having an Interest Period longer than three months, each day that is three months after the first day of such Interest Period and the last day of such Interest Period, and (c) any Prime Rate Advance, the Payment Date.

“Interest Period” is, as to any LIBOR Advanceinitially, the period commencing on the date of such LIBOR Advance, or on the borrowing or conversion/continuation date on which, as the LIBORcase may be, with respect to such SOFR Advance is converted into or continued as a LIBOR Advance, and ending on the datenumerically corresponding day in the month that is one (1),, three (3), or six (6) months thereafter, in each case as selected by Lead Borrower may elect in the applicableits Notice of Borrowing or Notice of Conversion/Continuation; provided, however, that (a) no Interest Period, as the case may be, given with respect to any LIBOR Advance shall end thereto; and (b) thereafter, each period commencing on the last day of the next preceding Interest Period applicable to such SOFR Advance and ending on the numerically corresponding day in the month that is one, three or six months thereafter, as selected by Lead Borrower in a Notice of Conversion/Continuation delivered to Bank not later than the Revolving Line Maturity Date, (b) the last day of an Interest Period shall be determined in accordance with the practices of the LIBOR interbank market as from 12:00 p.m. Pacific time to time in effect, (c) on the date that is three

(3) U.S. Government Securities Business Days prior to the last day of the then current Interest Period with respect thereto; provided that all of the foregoing provisions relating to Interest Periods are subject to the following:

(i)if any Interest Period would otherwise end on a day that is not a Business Day, thatsuch Interest Period shall be extended to the followingnext succeeding Business Day unless, in the case of a LIBOR Advance, the result of such extension would be to carry such Interest Period into another calendar month, in which event such Interest Period shall end on the immediately preceding Business Day, (d) ;

EXECUTION VERSION

(ii)Lead Borrower may not select an Interest Period that would extend beyond the applicable maturity

date;

(iii) any Interest Period pertaining to a LIBOR Advance that begins on the last Business Day of a calendar month (or on a day for which there is no numerically corresponding day in the calendar month at the end of such Interest Period) shall end on the last Business Day of the calendar month at the end of such Interest Period, and

(e) interest shall accrue from and include the first Business Day of an Interest Period but exclude the last Business Daylast calendar month of such Interest Period.

“Interest Rate Determination Date” is each date for calculating the LIBOR for purposes of determining the interest rate in respect of an Interest Period. The Interest Rate Determination Date shall be the second Business Day prior to the first day of the related Interest Period for a LIBOR Advance.

(iv)no tenor that has been removed from this definition pursuant to Section 2.4(b) shall be available for specification in any Notice of Borrowing or Notice of Conversion/Continuation.

“Internal Revenue Code” is the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, each as amended or modified from time to time.

“Inventory” is all “inventory” as defined in the Code in effect on the date hereof with such additions to such term as may hereafter be made, and includes without limitation all merchandise, raw materials, parts, supplies, packing and shipping materials, work in process and finished products, including without limitation such inventory as is temporarily out of a Borrower’s custody or possession or in transit and including any returned goods and any documents of title representing any of the above.

“Investment” is any beneficial ownership interest in any Person (including stock, partnership, membership, or other ownership interest or other equity securities), and any loan, advance or capital contribution to any Person.

“Judgment Currency” is defined in Section 11.3.

“Lead Borrower” is Outbrain Inc.

“Letter of Credit” is a standby or commercial letter of credit issued by Bank upon request of a Borrower based upon an application, guarantee, indemnity, or similar agreement on the part of Bank as set forth in Section 1.2.

“Letter of Credit Application” is defined in Section 1.2(c).

“Letter of Credit Reserve” is defined in Section 1.2(f).

“LIBOR” is for any Interest Rate Determination Date with respect to an Interest Period for any Advance to be made, continued as or converted into a LIBOR Advance, the rate of interest per annum determined by Bank to be the per annum rate of interest at which deposits in Dollars are offered to Bank in the London interbank market (rounded upward, if necessary, to the nearest 0.00001%) in which Bank customarily participates at 11:00 a.m. (local time in such interbank market) two (2) Business Days prior to the first day of such Interest Period for a period approximately equal to such Interest Period and in an amount approximately equal to the amount of such Advance; provided that, in the event such rate of interest is less than zero, such rate shall be deemed to be zero for purposes of this Agreement.

“LIBOR Advance” is an Advance that bears interest based at the LIBOR Rate.

“LIBOR Rate” is, for each Interest Period in respect of LIBOR Advances comprising part of the same Advances, an interest rate per annum (rounded upward, if necessary, to the nearest 0.00001%) equal to LIBOR for such Interest Period divided by one (1) minus the Reserve Requirement for such Interest Period.

“LIBOR Rate Margin” is set forth on Schedule I hereto.

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“Lien” is a claim, mortgage, deed of trust, levy, attachment charge, pledge, hypothecation, security interest or other encumbrance of any kind, whether voluntarily incurred or arising by operation of law or otherwise against any property.

“Loan Documents” are, collectively, this Agreement and any schedules, exhibits, certificates, notices, and any other documents related to this Agreement, the Perfection Certificate, Control Agreements, any Bank Services Agreement, any subordination agreement, any note, or notes or guaranties executed by any Borrower, landlord waivers and consents, bailee waivers and consents, and any other present or future agreement by Borrower with or for the benefit of Bank in connection with this Agreement or Bank Services, all as amended, restated, or otherwise modified in accordance with the terms thereof.

“Material Adverse Effect” is (a) a material adverse effect on the rights and remedies of Bank under this Agreement, (b) a material adverse effect on the business, operations, or financial condition of the Lead Borrower and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, or (c) a material adverse effect on the ability of the Borrowers and their Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, to perform their obligations under this Agreement.

“Net Availability Percentage” is, at any time, the result of (expressed as a percentage) (a) the Availability Amount at such time, divided by (b) the lesser of (i) the Revolving Line at such time or (ii) the Borrowing Base at such time.

“Net Income” is, as calculated on a consolidated basis in accordance with GAAP for Outbrain and its Subsidiaries for any period as at any date of determination, the net profit (or loss), after provision for taxes, of Outbrain and its Subsidiaries for such period taken as a single accounting period.

“Notice of Borrowing” is a notice given by Lead Borrower to Bank in accordance with Section 1.9(a), substantially in the form of Exhibit B, with appropriate insertions.

“Notice of Conversion/Continuation” is a notice given by Lead Borrower to Bank in accordance with Section 1.102.3, substantially in the form of Exhibit C, with appropriate insertions.

“Obligations” are Borrowers’ obligations to pay when due any debts, principal, interest, fees, Bank Expenses, the Unused Revolving Line Facility Fee, and other amounts any Borrower owes Bank now or later, whether under this Agreement, the other Loan Documents, or otherwise, including, without limitation, all obligations relating to Bank Services and interest accruing after Insolvency Proceedings begin and debts, liabilities, or obligations of any Borrower assigned to Bank, and to perform each Borrower’s duties under the Loan Documents.

“OFAC” is the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the United States Department of the Treasury and any successor thereto.

“Offshore Accounts” are accounts maintained by a Borrower’s Subsidiaries outside the United States with financial institutions other than Bank or Bank’s Affiliates, provided that the maximum balance maintained in such accounts does not exceed the aggregate amount of Sixty-Five Million Dollars ($65,000,000.00) at any time.

“Operating Documents” are, for any Person, such Person’s formation documents, as certified by the Secretary of State (or equivalent agency) of such Person’s jurisdiction of organization on a date that is no earlier than 30 days prior to the Effective Date, and, (a) if such Person is a corporation, its bylaws in current form, (b) if such Person is a limited liability company, its limited liability company agreement (or similar agreement), and (c) if such Person is a partnership or limited partnership, its partnership agreement or limited partnership agreement (or similar agreement), each of the foregoing with all current amendments or modifications thereto.

“Other Connection Taxes” are, with respect to Bank, Taxes imposed as a result of a present or former connection between Bank and the jurisdiction imposing such Tax (other than connections arising from Bank having executed, delivered, become a party to, performed its obligations under, received payments under, received or perfected a security interest under, engaged in any other transaction pursuant to or enforced any Loan Document, or sold or assigned an interest in any Credit Extension or Loan Document).

EXECUTION VERSION

“Other Taxes” are all present or future stamp, court, documentary, intangible, recording, filing or similar Taxes that arise from any payment made under, from the execution, delivery, performance, enforcement or registration of, from the receipt or perfection of a security interest under, or otherwise with respect to, any Loan Document, except any such Taxes that are Other Connection Taxes imposed with respect to an assignment.

“Overadvance” is defined in Section 1.3.

“Parent” is defined in Section 1.12(b).

“Patents” are all patents, patent applications and like protections including without limitation improvements, divisions, continuations, renewals, reissues, extensions and continuations-in-part of the same.

“Payment Conditions” are, with respect to any payment or Investment, the following conditions (i) if at the time of and immediately after the contemplated payment or Investment, Borrowers are utilizing greater than or equal to seventy-five percent (75%) of the lesser of (A) the Revolving Line or (B) the Borrowing Base, as determined by Bank, Lead Borrower shall have delivered to Bank at least five (5) days before the closing of the contemplated payment or Investment, financial statements and a written confirmation, supported by reasonably detailed calculations, that on a pro forma basis (after giving effect to such payment or Investment), Lead Borrower shall be in compliance with the financial covenant set forth in Section 5.10 as of the most recently ended month for which financial statements were required to be delivered hereunder or have been delivered hereunder, (ii) at the time of and immediately after the contemplated payment or Investment, Borrowers are utilizing less than eighty percent (80%) of the lesser of (A) the Revolving Line or (B) the Borrowing Base, as determined by Bank, and (iii) no Event of Default has occurred and is continuing or would exist after giving effect to such payment or Investment.

“Payment Date” is set forth on Schedule I hereto.

“Perfection Certificate” is the most recent Perfection Certificate delivered by the Lead Borrower in connection with this Agreement.

“Periodic Term SOFR Determination Day” is defined in the definition of Term SOFR.

“Permitted Acquisition” or “Permitted Acquisitions” is any Acquisition by any Borrower, provided, that each of the following shall be applicable to each such Acquisition:

(a)no Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing or would result from the consummation of the proposed Acquisition;

(b)the assets acquired in such Acquisition are in the same or similar line of business as any Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries is in as of the Effective Date or reasonably related or ancillary thereto and logical extensions thereof;

(c)the amount of the consideration paid by any Borrower in connection with (i) acquisitions of Targets, if such Acquisitions are Acquisitions of stock or other equity interests of entities that are not organized under the laws of the United States or any state or territory thereof or the District of Columbia or (ii) Targets which do not become Borrowers, shall not exceed Fifty Million Dollars ($50,000,000) in the aggregate;

(d)if the Acquisition includes a merger of Borrower, Borrower shall remain a surviving entity after giving effect to such Acquisition;

(e)Lead Borrower shall provide Bank with written notice of the proposed Acquisition at least five (5) Business Days prior to the anticipated closing date of the proposed Acquisition, and not less than five (5) Business Days prior to the anticipated closing date of the proposed Acquisition, with copies of the acquisition agreement and all other material documents relative to the proposed Acquisition (or if such acquisition agreement and other material documents are not in final form, drafts of such acquisition agreement and other material documents; provided, that

EXECUTION VERSION

Lead Borrower shall deliver final forms of such acquisition agreement and other material documents promptly upon completion);

(f)at least five (5) days before the closing of the proposed Acquisition, Lead Borrower shall deliver to Bank financial statements and a written confirmation, supported by reasonably detailed calculations, that on a pro forma basis (after giving effect to such Acquisition), Lead Borrower will have a Senior Leverage Ratio of less than or equal to 2.50:1.00 as of the most recently ended fiscal quarter for which financial statements were required to be delivered hereunder or have been delivered hereunder;

(g)at least five (5) days before the closing of the proposed Acquisition, Lead Borrower shall deliver to Bank financial statements and a written confirmation, supported by reasonably detailed calculations, if on a pro forma basis (after giving effect to such Acquisition), Borrowers’ utilization will equal or exceed the Streamline Threshold, that on a pro forma basis (after giving effect to such Acquisition), Borrowers shall be in compliance with the financial covenant set forth in Section 5.10 as of the most recently ended month for which financial statements were required to be delivered hereunder or have been delivered hereunder;

(h)the Acquisition shall not constitute an Unfriendly Acquisition; and

(i)the entity or assets acquired in such Acquisition shall not be subject to any Lien other than (x) the first-priority Liens granted in favor of Bank, if applicable and (y) Permitted Liens.

“Permitted Discretion” is Bank’s reasonable credit judgment (from the perspective of a secured asset-based lender) exercised in good faith in accordance with customary business practices for comparable asset-based lending transactions.

“Permitted Indebtedness” is:

(a)Each Borrower’s Indebtedness to Bank under this Agreement, the other Loan Documents and Bank Services;

(b)Indebtedness existing on the Effective Date and shown on the Perfection Certificate on the

Effective Date;

(c)Subordinated Debt;

(d)unsecured Indebtedness to trade creditors incurred in the ordinary course of business;

(e)Indebtedness incurred as a result of endorsing negotiable instruments received in the ordinary course of business;

(f)Indebtedness secured by Liens permitted under clauses (a) and (c) of the definition of “Permitted Liens” hereunder;

(g)Indebtedness consisting of the financing of insurance premiums arising in the ordinary course of business not to exceed Two Hundred and Fifty Thousand Dollars ($250,000) in the aggregate at any time;

(h)deferred compensation due to employees not to exceed Five Hundred Thousand Dollars ($500,000) in the aggregate at any time;

(i)[reserved];

(i)unsecured Indebtedness of Borrowers and any Subsidiary of any Borrower under any domestic business credit cards, letters of credit and cash management services from any third party provider other than Bank, not to exceed Five Million Dollars ($5,000,000) in the aggregate outstanding at any time;

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(j)Indebtedness of a Person (other than the Borrower or a Subsidiary) existing at the time such Person is merged with or into a Borrower or a Subsidiary or becomes a Subsidiary, provided that (i) such Indebtedness was not, in any case, incurred by such other Person in connection with, or in contemplation of, such merger or acquisition, (ii) such merger or acquisition constitutes a Permitted Acquisition, (iii) with respect to any such Person who becomes a Subsidiary, (A) such Subsidiary is the only obligor in respect of such Indebtedness, and (B) to the extent such Indebtedness is permitted to be secured hereunder, only the assets of such Subsidiary secure such Indebtedness, and (iv) the aggregate principal amount of such Indebtedness shall not exceed $10,000,000 at any time outstanding;

(k)Indebtedness of (i) any Borrower owing to any other Borrower, (ii) any Subsidiary (which is not a Borrower) owing to any other Subsidiary (which is not a Borrower) and (iii) any Subsidiary (which is not a Borrower) owing to any Borrower so long as such Indebtedness is a Permitted Investment;

(l)Indebtedness of Subsidiary that is not a Borrower not exceeding $10,000,000.00 in the aggregate outstanding at any time;

(m)Indebtedness incurred in connection with the repurchase of the stock, partnership, membership, or other ownership interest or other equity securities of former employees or directors pursuant to stock repurchase agreements not exceeding $2,500,000.00 in the aggregate outstanding at any time;

(n)Indebtedness consisting of earn outs, deferred compensation, or other arrangements representing acquisition consideration or deferred payments of a similar nature incurred in connection with Permitted Acquisitions;

(o)other Indebtedness not otherwise permitted by Section 6.4 not exceeding $10,000,000.00 in the aggregate outstanding at any time;

(p)other unsecured Indebtedness not otherwise permitted by Section 6.4 not exceeding

$10,000,000.00 in the aggregate outstanding at any time; andprovided that any unsecured Indebtedness permitted pursuant to clause (i) of the definition of “Permitted Indebtedness” hereunder shall correspondingly reduce the amount of unsecured Indebtedness permitted under this clause (p); and

(q) extensions, refinancings, modifications, amendments and restatements of any items of Permitted Indebtedness (a) through (p) above, provided that the principal amount thereof is not increased (except by an amount equal to the accrued and unpaid interest and premium, fees and expenses reasonably incurred in connection therewith and existing commitments utilized thereunder) or the terms thereof are not modified to impose more burdensome terms upon any Borrower or its Subsidiary, as the case may be.

(q)

“Permitted Investments” are:

(a)Investments (including, without limitation, Subsidiaries) existing on the Effective Date and shown on the Perfection Certificate on the Effective Date;

(b)Investments consisting of Cash Equivalents;

(c)Investments by any Borrower in Foreign Subsidiaries not to exceed Thirty Million Dollars ($30,000,000.00) in the aggregate in any fiscal quarter;

(d)Investments constituting Permitted Acquisitions;

(e)any Investment, so long as the Payment Conditions are satisfied at the time such Investment

is consummated;

EXECUTION VERSION

(f)intercompany Investments by (i) any Borrower in any other Borrower and (ii) any Subsidiary (which is not a Borrower) in any other Subsidiary or in a Borrower;

(g)loans and advances to directors, officers and employees of a Borrower or a Subsidiary in the ordinary course of business (including, without limitation, for travel, entertainment and relocation expenses) in an aggregate amount for all Borrowers and Subsidiaries not to exceed $2,500,000.00 at any one time outstanding;

(h)payroll advances to officers and employees of a Borrower or a Subsidiary, in an aggregate amount for all Borrowers and Subsidiaries not to exceed $2,500,000.00 at any one time outstanding;

(i)Investments held by any Person as of the date such Person is acquired in connection with a Permitted Acquisition, provided that (A) such Investments were not made, in any case, by such Person in connection with, or in contemplation of, such Permitted Acquisition, and (B) with respect to any such Person which becomes a Subsidiary as a result of such Permitted Acquisition, such Subsidiary remains the only holder of such Investment;

(j)non-cash Investments accepted in connection with Transfers permitted by Section 6.1; and

(k)Investments consisting of notes receivable of, or prepaid royalties, loans, advances and other credit extensions, to customers and suppliers who are not Affiliates, in the ordinary course of business; and

(l)other Investments not otherwise permitted by Section 6.7 not exceeding $10,000,000 in the aggregate in any fiscal year.

“Permitted Liens” are:

(a)Liens existing on the Effective Date and shown on the Perfection Certificate on the Effective Date or arising under this Agreement and the other Loan Documents;

(b)Liens for taxes, fees, assessments or other government charges or levies, either (i) not due and payable or (ii) being contested in good faith and for which a Borrower or a Subsidiary maintains adequate reserves on its Books, provided that no notice of any such Lien has been filed or recorded under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the Treasury Regulations adopted thereunder;

(c)purchase money Liens or capital leases (i) on Equipment acquired or held incurred for financing the acquisition of the Equipment securing no more than Twenty-Five Million Dollars ($25,000,000) in the aggregate amount outstanding, or (ii) existing on Equipment when acquired, if the Lien is confined to the property and improvements and the proceeds of the Equipment;

(d)Liens of carriers, warehousemen, suppliers, or other Persons that are possessory in nature arising in the ordinary course of business so long as such Liens attach only to Inventory, securing liabilities in the aggregate amount not to exceed One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000) and which are not delinquent or remain payable without penalty or which are being contested in good faith and by appropriate proceedings which proceedings have the effect of preventing the forfeiture or sale of the property subject thereto;

(e)Liens to secure payment of workers’ compensation, employment insurance, old-age pensions, social security and other like obligations incurred in the ordinary course of business (other than Liens imposed by ERISA);

(f)leases or subleases of real property granted in the ordinary course of business, and leases, subleases, non-exclusive licenses or sublicenses of personal property (other than Intellectual Property) granted in the ordinary course of business, if the leases, subleases, licenses and sublicenses do not prohibit granting Bank a security interest therein;

EXECUTION VERSION

(g)Liens in favor of other financial institutions arising in connection with a Borrower’s or a Subsidiary’s deposit and/or securities accounts held at such institutions, provided that Bank has a perfected security interest in the amounts held in such deposit and/or securities accounts;

(h)Liens on insurance policies and the proceeds thereof securing the financing of premiums with respect thereto;

(i)Liens on assets of any Foreign Subsidiary securing Permitted Indebtedness;

(j)Liens securing Indebtedness permitted under clauses (j), (k), (l) and (o) of the definition of “Permitted Indebtedness” hereunder; and

(k)Liens incurred in the extension, renewal or refinancing of the Indebtedness secured by Liens described in (a) through (j), but any extension, renewal or replacement Lien must be limited to the property encumbered by the existing Lien and the principal amount of the indebtedness may not increase (except by an amount equal to the accrued and unpaid interest and premium, fees and expenses reasonably incurred in connection therewith and existing commitments utilized thereunder).

“Permitted PubCo Notes Payments” are:

(a)the repayment of the principal amount of the PubCo Notes at the stated maturity thereof;

(b)the payment of interest or accrued “original issue discount” (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes) on the PubCo Notes;

(c)the mandatory settlement or mandatory conversion of the PubCo Notes in an amount up to the principal amount of the PubCo Notes and accrued interest or accrued “original issue discount” (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes) on the PubCo Notes, or a combination thereof; and

(d)any other cash payments so long as (i) at least five (5) days before such payment, Lead Borrower shall deliver to Bank financial statements and a written confirmation, supported by reasonably detailed calculations, that on a pro forma basis (after giving effect to such payment), Lead Borrower will have a Senior Leverage Ratio of less than or equal to 2.50:1.00 as of the most recently ended fiscal quarter for which financial statements were required to be delivered hereunder or have been delivered hereunder and (ii) the Payment Conditions are satisfied.

“Permitted Restricted Payments” are:

(a)any Restricted Payments, so long as (i) the Payment Conditions are satisfied at the time of such Restricted Payment and (ii) at least five (5) days prior to such Restricted Payment, Lead Borrower shall deliver to Bank financial statements and a written confirmation, supported by reasonably detailed calculations, that on a pro forma basis (after giving effect to such Restricted Payment), Lead Borrower will have a Senior Leverage Ratio of less than or equal to 2.50:1.00 as of the most recently ended fiscal quarter for which financial statements were required to be delivered hereunder or have been delivered hereunder;

(b)any Restricted Payments made by (x) any Borrower to (directly or indirectly) any other Borrower, and (y) any Subsidiary that is not a Borrower to any Borrower or any other Subsidiary;

(c)any Restricted Payments made with the proceeds received from the substantially concurrent equity issuances; provided that any such equity issuances are not prohibited hereunder;

(d)any conversion of any of its convertible securities into common stock of Lead Borrower pursuant to the terms of such convertible securities or otherwise in exchange thereof;

(e)any Restricted Payment made solely in common stock of Lead Borrower;

EXECUTION VERSION

(f)any repurchase of the stock, partnership, membership, or other ownership interest or other equity securities of former officers, directors, employees or consultants pursuant to employee stock options, restricted stock, incentive stock plans, or stock repurchase agreements, so long as an Event of Default does not exist at the time of any such repurchase and would not exist after giving effect to any such repurchase, and provided that the aggregate amount of all such repurchases does not exceed One Million Dollars ($1,000,000) per fiscal year; plus any unutilized portion of such amount in the immediately preceding fiscal year (it being understood that such unutilized portion from such preceding fiscal year shall be utilized first during the current fiscal year);

(g)any Restricted Payment consisting of the purchase or payment in lieu of fractional shares of equity interest arising out of stock dividends, splits or business combinations pursuant to mergers, consolidations or other acquisitions permitted by this Agreement;

(h)any Restricted Payment consisting of the payment in lieu of fractional shares upon the exercise of warrants, options or other securities;

(i)any Restricted Payment consisting of Indebtedness set forth in clause (n) of the definition of “Permitted Indebtedness” hereunder so long as the Payment Conditions are satisfied at the time of such Restricted Payment, and

(j)other Restricted Payments not otherwise permitted by Section 6.7 not exceeding

$5,000,000 in the aggregate in any fiscal year.

“Permitted Transfers” are Transfers:

(a)of Inventory and equipment in the ordinary course of business;

(b)of worn-out, surplus, or obsolete property that is, in the reasonable judgment of such Borrower, no longer economically practicable to maintain or useful in the ordinary course of business;

(c)consisting of Permitted Liens and Permitted Investments;

(d)consisting of the sale or issuance of any stock, partnership, membership, or other ownership interest or other equity securities of such Lead Borrower;

(e)consisting of such Borrower’s or its Subsidiaries’ use or transfer of cash or Cash Equivalents in a manner that is not prohibited by the terms of this Agreement or the other Loan Documents;

(f)of non-exclusive licenses or sublicenses for the use of the property of such Borrower or its Subsidiaries in the ordinary course of business;

(g)of property to the extent that such property is exchanged for credit against the purchase price of similar replacement property;

(h)consisting of Restricted Payments permitted under Section 6.7;

(i)of account receivables in connection with the collection or compromise thereof in accordance with Section 5.4(b); provided that the proceeds thereof are deposited in the Cash Collateral Account;

(j)(A) between Borrowers; (B) between Subsidiaries of Borrowers (other than a Borrower); (C) by Subsidiaries that are not Borrowers to any Borrower and (D) by any Borrower to any Subsidiary that is not a Borrower; provided that in the case of a Transfer made pursuant to clause (D), any noncash consideration received in exchange for and/or the portion (if any) of any Transfer made for less than fair market value shall constitute an Investment in such Subsidiary;

(k)leases, sub-leases, occupancy agreements or assignment of interests in real or leased property; and

EXECUTION VERSION

(l)not otherwise permitted pursuant to Section 6.1; provided that (i) at the time of such Transfer, no Event of Default shall exist or would result from such Transfer, (ii) such Transfer is made for fair market value (as reasonably determined by the Lead Borrower and measured as of the date a legally binding commitment for such Transfer was entered into), (iii) the consideration received shall be in cash or Cash Equivalents, (iv) such Transfers do not include Eligible Accounts (unless the proceeds thereof are deposited in the Cash Collateral Account) or material Intellectual Property; provided that, if such Transfers include Eligible Accounts exceeding $500,000 individually or $1,500,000 in the aggregate per month, Borrower shall promptly notify Bank and deliver to Bank an updated Borrowing Base Statement, and (v) such Transfers do not exceed Five Million Dollars ($5,000,000) in the aggregate in any fiscal year of Lead Borrower.

“Person” is any individual, sole proprietorship, partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, company, trust, unincorporated organization, association, corporation, institution, public benefit corporation, firm, joint stock company, estate, entity or government agency.

“Plan” is defined in Section 6.10.

“Prior Loan Agreement” is that certain Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of September 15, 2014, as amended by that certain First Amendment to Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, by and between Outbrain and Bank, dated as of November 20, 2014, as further amended by that certain Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, by and between Outbrain and Bank, dated as of January 27, 2016, as further amended by that certain Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, by and between Outbrain and Bank, dated as of August 25, 2016, as further amended by that certain Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, by and between Outbrain and Bank, dated as of October 6, 2016, as further amended by that certain Fifth Amendment to Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, by and between Outbrain and Bank, dated as of November 2, 2018, as further amended by that certain Sixth Amendment to Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, by and between Outbrain and Bank, dated as of March 27, 2020, and as further amended by that certain Seventh Amendment to Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, by and between Outbrain and Bank, dated as of June 21, 2021, as amended.

“Prime Rate” is set forth on Schedule I hereto.

“Prime Rate Advance” is an Advance that bears interest based at the Prime Rate.

“Prime Rate Margin” is set forth on Schedule I hereto.

“PubCo Notes” are those notes outstanding as of the Effective Date pursuant to, and governed exclusively by, the PubCo Notes Indenture dated as of July 27, 2021 by and between Outbrain Inc., as issuer, and The Bank of New York Mellon, not in its individual capacity but solely as trustee.

“PubCo Notes Payments” are cash payment of principal or interest of any of the PubCo Notes, or any cash payment on account of the purchase, redemption, settlement on conversion, retirement, acquisition, cancellation or termination of any such Indebtedness.

“Registered Organization” is any “registered organization” as defined in the Code with such additions to such term as may hereafter be made.

“Representatives” is defined in Section 11.8.

“Reserve Requirement” is, for any Interest Period, the average maximum rate at which reserves (including any marginal, supplemental, or emergency reserves) are required to be maintained during such Interest Period under Regulation D against “Eurocurrency liabilities” (as such term is used in Regulation D) by member banks of the Federal Reserve System. Without limiting the effect of the foregoing, the Reserve Requirement shall reflect any other reserves required to be maintained by Bank by reason of any Regulatory Change against (a) any category of liabilities which

EXECUTION VERSION

includes deposits by reference to which the LIBOR Rate is to be determined as provided in the definition of LIBOR or (b) any category of extensions of credit or other assets which include Advances.

“Requirement of Law” is as to any Person any material law (statutory or common), treaty, rule or regulation or determination of an arbitrator or a court or other Governmental Authority, in each case applicable to or binding upon such Person or any of its property or to which such Person or any of its property is subject.

“Reserves” are, as of any date of determination, such amounts as Bank may from time to time establish and revise in its Permitted Discretion, reducing the amount of Advances and other financial accommodations which would otherwise be available to any Borrower (a) to reflect events, conditions, contingencies or risks which, as determined by Bank in its Permitted Discretion, do or may adversely affect (i) the Collateral or any other property which is security for the Obligations or its value (including without limitation any increase in delinquencies of Accounts), (ii) the assets, business or prospects of Borrower, or (iii) the security interests and other rights of Bank in the Collateral (including the enforceability, perfection and priority thereof); or (b) to reflect Bank's reasonable belief that any collateral report or financial information furnished by or on behalf of any Borrower to Bank is or may have been incomplete, inaccurate or misleading in any material respect; or (c) in respect of any state of facts which Bank determines in its Permitted Discretion constitutes a Default or an Event of Default.

“Responsible Officer” is any of the Chief Executive Officer, President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer, and Controller of Lead Borrower.

“Restricted License” is any material license or other material agreement with respect to which Borrower is the licensee (a) that prohibits or otherwise restricts a Borrower from granting a security interest in such Borrower’s interest in such license or agreement or any other property, or (b) for which a default under or termination of could interfere with Bank’s right to sell any Collateral.

“Restricted Payments” are purchase price adjustments, earn outs, deferred compensation, or other arrangements representing acquisition consideration or deferred payments of a similar nature, and dividends and distributions paid to any Person that is not a Borrower or other payments on, or on account of, or the setting apart of assets for a sinking or other analogous fund for, the purchase, redemption, defeasance, retirement or other acquisition of, any equity interest in a Borrower or its Subsidiaries whether now or hereafter outstanding, or any other distribution in respect thereof, either directly or indirectly, whether in cash or property or in obligations of any Borrower or any Subsidiary.

“Revolving Line” is set forth on Schedule I hereto.

“Revolving Line Maturity Date” is set forth on Schedule I hereto.

“Sanctioned Person” is a Person that: (a) is listed on any Sanctions list maintained by OFAC or any similar Sanctions list maintained by any other Governmental Authority having jurisdiction over a Borrower; (b) is located, organized, or resident in any country, territory, or region that is the subject or target of Sanctions; or (c) is 50.0% or more owned or controlled by one (1) or more Persons described in clauses (a) and (b) hereof.

“Sanctions” are the economic sanctions laws, regulations, embargoes or restrictive measures administered, enacted or enforced by the United States government and any of its agencies, including, without limitation, OFAC and the U.S. State Department, or any other Governmental Authority having jurisdiction over Borrower.

“SEC” is the Securities and Exchange Commission, any successor thereto, and any analogous Governmental Authority.

“Securities Account” is any “securities account” as defined in the Code with such additions to such term as may hereafter be made.

EXECUTION VERSION

“Senior Leverage Ratio” is, as of any date of determination, a ratio equal to (a) the Obligations as of such date, divided by (b) (i) EBITDA for the most recent completed twelve (12) month period.

“SOFR” is a rate equal to the secured overnight financing rate as administered by the SOFR Administrator.

“SOFR Administrator” is the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (or a successor administrator of the secured overnight financing rate.

“SOFR Advance” is an Advance the rate of interest applicable to which is based on the Adjusted Term

SOFR.

“SOFR Tranche” is the collective reference to SOFR Advances the then current Interest Periods with respect to all of which begin on the same date and end on the same later date (whether or not such Advances shall originally have been made on the same day).

“Specified Affiliate” is any Person (a) more than ten percent (10.0%) of whose aggregate issued and outstanding equity or ownership securities or interests, voting, non-voting or both, are owned or held directly or indirectly, beneficially or of record, by a Borrower, and/or (b) whose equity or ownership securities or interests representing more than ten percent (10.0%) of such Person’s total outstanding combined voting power are owned or held directly or indirectly, beneficially or of record, by Borrower.

“Specified Event of Default” is an Event of Default that has occurred and is continuing under Sections 7.1, 7.2(a) (solely as it relates to Section 5.10), and 7.5.

“Streamline Threshold” is defined in the definition of Streamline Period.

“Streamline Period” is, on and after the Effective Date, provided no Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, the period (a) commencing on the first day of the month following the day that Lead Borrower provides to Bank a written report that Borrowers have, for each consecutive day in the immediately preceding month utilized less than eighty-five percent (85%) (the “Streamline Threshold”) of the lesser of (a) the Revolving Line or (b) the Borrowing Base, as determined by Bank in its sole discretion; provided that utilization for purposes of this definition shall be determined based on the daily closing balance of the Revolving Line outstanding plus the sum of the aggregate Dollar Equivalent of the face amount of outstanding Letters of Credit (including drawn but unreimbursed Letters of Credit and any Letter of Credit Reserve) and (b) terminating on the earlier to occur of (i) the occurrence of an Event of Default, and (ii) the first day thereafter in which Borrowers fail to maintain utilization below the Streamline Threshold, as determined by Bank in its sole discretion. Upon the termination of a Streamline Period, Borrowers shall maintain less than the Streamline Threshold each consecutive day for thirty (30) days as determined by Bank in its sole discretion, prior to entering into a subsequent Streamline Period. Lead Borrower shall give Bank prior written notice of Borrowers’ election to enter into any such Streamline Period, and each such Streamline Period shall commence on the first day of the monthly period following the date Bank determines, in its sole discretion, that utilization is less than the Streamline Threshold.

“Subordinated Debt” is indebtedness incurred by any Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries subordinated to all of such Borrower’s or any of its Subsidiaries’ now or hereafter indebtedness to Bank (pursuant to a subordination, intercreditor, or other similar agreement in form and substance satisfactory to Bank entered into between Bank and the other creditor), on terms acceptable to Bank. For the avoidance of doubt, the PubCo Notes do not constitute Subordinated Debt under this Agreement.

“Subsidiary” is, as to any Person, a corporation, partnership, limited liability company or other entity of which shares of stock, partnership, membership, or other ownership interest or other equity securities having ordinary voting power (other than stock, partnership, membership, or other ownership interest or other equity securities having such power only by reason of the happening of a contingency) to elect a majority of the board of directors or other managers of such corporation, partnership or other entity are at the time owned, or the management of which is otherwise controlled, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, or both, by such Person. Unless the context otherwise requires, each reference to a Subsidiary herein shall be a reference to a Subsidiary of any Borrower.

EXECUTION VERSION

“Taxes” is all present or future taxes, levies, imposts, duties, deductions, withholdings (including backup withholding), assessments, fees or other charges imposed by any Governmental Authority, including any interest, additions to tax or penalties applicable thereto.

“Term SOFR” is set forth on Schedule I hereto.

“Term SOFR Adjustment” is set forth on Schedule I hereto.

“Term SOFR Administrator” is the CME Group Benchmark Administration Limited (CBA) (or a successor administrator of the Term SOFR Reference Rate selected by Bank in its reasonable discretion).

“Term SOFR Reference Rate” is the forward-looking term rate based on SOFR.

“Trademarks” is, with respect to any Person, any trademark and servicemark rights, whether registered or not, applications to register and registrations of the same and like protections, and the entire goodwill of the business of such Person connected with and symbolized by such trademarks.

“Transfer” is defined in Section 6.1.

“U.S. Government Securities Business Day” is any day except for (a) a Saturday, (b) a Sunday or (c) a day on which the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association recommends that the fixed income departments of its members be closed for the entire day for purposes of trading in United States government securities.

“Unused Revolving Line Facility Fee” is defined in Section 1.5(c).

“Unused Revolving Line Facility Fee Percentage” is (i) if the Net Availability Percentage is greater than or equal to 66%, 0.30% per annum, (ii) if the Net Availability Percentage is less than 66% but greater than or equal to 33%, 0.25% per annum and (iii) if the Net Availability Ratio is less than 33%, 0.20% per annum, in each case as determined on the basis of and adjusted promptly upon Bank’s determination of the Net Availability Ratio. Subject to Section 12.1, the Unused Revolving Line Facility Fee Percentage shall be determined on the basis of Lead Borrower’s most recent Borrowing Base Statement, pursuant to Section 5.3(a), and such Unused Revolving Line Facility Fee Percentage shall be adjusted promptly upon each receipt of such Borrowing Base Statement; provided however, notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Borrowing Base Statement required by Section 5.3(a) is not delivered by the respective date required thereunder, the Unused Revolving Line Facility Fee Percentage shall be 0.30% until such Borrowing Base Statement is delivered.

“USA Patriot Act” is the “Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001” (Public Law 107-56, signed into law on October 26, 2001), as amended from time to time.

[Signature page follows]

EXECUTION VERSION

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed as of the Effective

Date.

BORROWER:

OUTBRAIN INC.

By:

Name: Yaron Galai

Title: Co-Chief Executive Officer & Co-Founder

ZEMANTA HOLDING USA INC.

By:

Name: Yaron Galai

Title: Chief Executive Officer

ZEMANTA INC.

By:

Name: Yaron Galai

Title: Chief Executive Officer

BANK:

SILICON VALLEY BANK

FIRST-CITIZENS BANK & TRUST COMPANY (SUCCESSOR BY PURCHASE TO THE FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION AS RECEIVER FOR SILICON VALLEY BRIDGE BANK, N.A. (AS SUCCESSOR TO SILICON VALLEY BANK))

By:

Name: Dylan Wong Title: Vice President

Signature Page to Second Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement

EXECUTION VERSION

SCHEDULE I

LSA PROVISIONS


LSA Section			LSA Provision
1.1(a) – Revolving Line – Availability			Amounts borrowed under the Revolving Line may be prepaid or repaid and, prior to the Revolving Line Maturity Date, reborrowed, subject to the applicable terms and conditions precedent herein.
1.2(a) – Letter of Credit Sublimit			The aggregate Dollar Equivalent of the face amount of outstanding Letters of Credit (including drawn but unreimbursed Letters of Credit and any Letter of Credit Reserve) may not exceed $15,000,000.
1.4(a) – Interest Payments – Advances			Interest on the principal amount of each Advance is payable in arrears monthly (A) on each Interest Payment Date, (B) on the date of any prepayment and (C) on the Revolving Line Maturity Date.
1.4(b)(i) – Interest Rate – Advances			The outstanding principal amount of any Advance shall accrue interest at a floating rate per annum equal to (i) for Prime Rate Advances, the Prime Rate minus the Prime Rate Margin, and (ii) for LIBORSOFR Advances, the LIBOR RateAdjusted Term SOFR plus the LIBORSOFR Rate Margin, in each case which interest shall be payable in accordance with Section 1.4(a).
1.4(f) – Interest Computation			Interest shall be computed on the basis of the actual number of days elapsed and a 360-day year for any Credit Extension outstanding.
1.5(a) – Facility Fee			A fully earned, non-refundable commitment fee of $225,000 on the Effective Date.
8.8 – Borrower Liability			Each Borrower hereunder shall be jointly and severally obligated to repay all Credit Extensions made hereunder and any other Obligations related thereto, regardless of which such Borrower actually receives said Credit Extension, as if each Borrower hereunder directly received all Credit Extensions.
12.2 – “Adjusted Term SOFR”			“Adjusted Term SOFR” is, for purposes of any calculation, the rate per annum equal to (a) Term SOFR for such calculation plus (b) the Term SOFR Adjustment; provided that if Adjusted Term SOFR as so determined shall ever be less than zero percent (0%), then Adjusted Term SOFR shall be deemed to be zero percent (0%).
12.2 – “Borrower”			“Borrower” is individually and ”Borrowers” are collectively, as the context requires, jointly and severally, each of OUTBRAIN INC., a Delaware corporation, ZEMANTA HOLDING USA INC., a Delaware corporation, and ZEMANTA INC., a Delaware corporation.
12.2 – “Effective Date”			“Effective Date” is November 2, 2021.
12.2 – “LIBOR Rate MarginPayment Date”			“LIBOR Rate Margin” is (i) if the Net Availability Percentage is greater than or equal to 66%, 1.50%, (ii) if the Net Availability Percentage is less than 66% but greater than or equal to 33%, 1.75% and (iii) if the Net Availability Ratio is less than 33%, 2.00%, in each case as determined on the basis of and adjusted promptly upon Bank’s determination of the Net Availability Ratio. Subject to Section 12.1, the LIBOR Rate Margin applicable to LIBOR Rate Advances shall be determined on the basis of Lead Borrower’s most recent Borrowing Base Statement, pursuant to Section 5.3(a), and such LIBOR Rate Margin shall be adjusted promptly

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EXECUTION VERSION


			upon each receipt of such Borrowing Base Statement; provided however, notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Borrowing Base Statement required by Section 5.3(a) is not delivered by the respective date required thereunder, the LIBOR Rate Margin shall be 2.00% until such Borrowing Base Statement is delivered.“Payment Date” is, (a) as to any Prime Rate Advance, the last calendar day of each calendar month to occur while such Advance is outstanding and the Revolving Line Maturity Date, (b) as to any SOFR Advance having an Interest Period of three (3) months or less, the last Business Day of such Interest Period and the final maturity date of such Advance, (c) as to any SOFR Advance having an Interest Period longer than three (3) months, each Business Day that is three (3) months after the first day of such Interest Period, the last Business Day of such Interest Period and the final maturity date of such Advance, and (d) as to any Advance, the date of any repayment or prepayment made in respect thereof.
12.2 – “Payment Date”			“Payment Date” is with respect to Advances, the last calendar day of each month.
12.2 – “Prime Rate”			“Prime Rate” is the rate of interest per annum from time to time published in the money rates section of The Wall Street Journal or any successor publication thereto as the “prime rate” then in effect; provided that if such rate of interest, as set forth from time to time in the money rates section of The Wall Street Journal, becomes unavailable for any reason as determined by Bank, the “Prime Rate” shall mean the rate of interest per annum announced by Bank as its prime rate in effect at its principal office in the State of California (such Bank announced Prime Rate not being intended to be the lowest rate of interest charged by Bank in connection with extensions of credit to debtors); provided that, in the event such rate of interest is less than three and one quarter of one percent (3.25%) per annum, such rate shall be deemed to be three and one quarter of one percent (3.25%) per annum for purposes of this Agreement.
12.2 – “Prime Rate Margin”			“Prime Rate Margin” is (i) if the Net Availability Percentage is greater than or equal to 66%, 1.50%, (ii) if the Net Availability Percentage is less than 66% but greater than or equal to 33%, 1.25% and (iii) if the Net Availability Ratio is less than 33%, 1.00%, in each case as determined on the basis of and adjusted promptly upon Bank’s determination of the Net Availability Ratio. Subject to Section 12.1, the Prime Rate Margin applicable to Prime Rate Advances shall be determined on the basis of Lead Borrower’s most recent Borrowing Base Statement, pursuant to Section 5.3(a), and such Prime Rate Margin shall be adjusted promptly upon each receipt of such Borrowing Base Statement; provided however, notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Borrowing Base Statement required by Section 5.3(a) is not delivered by the respective date required thereunder, the Prime Rate Margin shall be one percent 1.00% until such Borrowing Base Statement is delivered.
12.2 – “Revolving Line”			“Revolving Line” is an aggregate principal amount equal to $75,000,000.
12.2 – “Revolving Line Maturity Date”			“Revolving Line Maturity Date” is November 2, 2026; provided that, notwithstanding the foregoing, the Revolving Line Maturity Date shall be the date that is one hundred twenty (120) days prior to the earliest maturity of the PubCo Notes, as they may be extended from time to time, in the event that all of the PubCo Notes have not converted to common equity securities of Outbrain Inc. prior to their stated maturity.

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EXECUTION VERSION

12.2 – “SOFR Rate Margin”

“SOFR Rate Margin” is (i) if the Net Availability Percentage is greater than or equal to 66%, 1.50%, (ii) if the Net Availability Percentage is less than 66% but greater than or equal to 33%, 1.75% and (iii) if the Net Availability Ratio is less than 33%, 2.00%, in each case as determined on the basis of and adjusted promptly upon Bank’s determination of the Net Availability Ratio. Subject to Section 12.1, the SOFR Rate Margin applicable to SOFR Advances shall be determined on the basis of Lead Borrower’s most recent Borrowing Base Statement, pursuant to Section 5.3(a), and such SOFR Rate Margin shall be adjusted promptly upon each receipt of such Borrowing Base Statement; provided however, notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Borrowing Base Statement required by Section 5.3(a) is not delivered by the respective date required thereunder, the SOFR Rate Margin shall be 2.00% until such Borrowing Base Statement is delivered.

12.2 – “Term SOFR”

“Term SOFR” is the Term SOFR Reference Rate for a tenor comparable to the applicable Interest Period on the day (such day, the “Periodic Term SOFR Determination Day”) that is two (2) U.S. Government Securities Business Days prior to the first day of such Interest Period, as such rate is published by the Term SOFR Administrator; provided, however, that if as of 5:00 p.m. (New York City time) on any Periodic Term SOFR Determination Day the Term SOFR Reference Rate for the applicable tenor has not been published by the Term SOFR Administrator and the Term SOFR Reference Rate has not been replaced as the benchmark rate, then Term SOFR will be the Term SOFR Reference Rate for such tenor as published by the Term SOFR Administrator on the first preceding U.S. Government Securities Business Day for which such Term SOFR Reference Rate for such tenor was published by the Term SOFR Administrator so long as such first preceding U.S. Government Securities Business Day is not more than three (3) U.S. Government Securities Business Days prior to such Periodic Term SOFR Determination Day.

12.2 – “Term SOFR Adjustment”

“Term SOFR Adjustment” for any calculation with respect to any SOFR Advance, a percentage per annum as set forth below for the Interest Period therefor:

Interest Period

Percentage

One month

0.10%

Three months

0.125%

Six months

0.15%

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EXECUTION VERSION

EXHIBIT A COMPLIANCE STATEMENT

TO: SILICON VALLEY BANK , a division of Date:

First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company

FROM: OUTBRAIN INC., ZEMANTA HOLDING USA INC. and ZEMANTA INC.

Under the terms and conditions of the Second Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement between Borrowers and Bank (as amended, modified, supplemented and/or restated from time to time, the “Agreement”), Lead Borrower is in complete compliance for the period ending with all required covenants except as noted below. Attached are the required documents evidencing such compliance, setting forth calculations prepared in accordance with GAAP consistently applied from one period to the next except as explained in an accompanying letter or footnotes. Capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings given them in the Agreement.

Please indicate compliance status by circling Yes/No under “Complies” column.


Reporting Covenants		Complies

Monthly financial statements with Compliance Statement	Monthly by the last day of the subsequent month	Yes	No
Annual financial statements (CPA Audited)	FYE within 180 days	Yes	No
10-Q, 10-K and 8-K	Within 5 days after filing with SEC	Yes	No
A/R & A/P Agings	Monthly by the last day of the subsequent month	Yes	No
Borrowing Base Statements	Weekly no later than Monday of each week with respect to prior week when a Streamline Period is not in effect, monthly by the last day of the subsequent month end when a Streamline Period is in effect	Yes	No
Board approved projections	FYE within 45 days	Yes	No


Financial Covenant	Required	Actual	Complies

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EXECUTION VERSION


Maintain as indicated:
Minimum Fixed Charge Ratio	1.00:1.00	:1.00	Yes No N/A

The following financial covenant analyses and information set forth in Schedule 1 attached hereto are true and correct as of the date of this Compliance Statement.

The following are the exceptions with respect to the statements above: (If no exceptions exist, state “No exceptions to note.”)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I-5

EXECUTION VERSION

Schedule 1 to Compliance Statement

Financial Covenants of Lead Borrower

In the event of a conflict between this Schedule and the Agreement, the terms of the Agreement shall govern.

Dated:

I.Minimum Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (Section 5.10)

Required: Maintain at all times, as of the last day of each month when a Streamline Period is not effect, on a consolidated basis with respect to Borrower and its Subsidiaries, measured as of the end of each fiscal month on a trailing twelve (12) month basis, a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio of at least 1.00 to 1.00.

Actual:


A.	Net Income of Borrower	$
B.	To the extent included in the determination of Net Incomewith respect to clauses 1 through 11:
	1. Interest Expense	$
	2. Depreciation expense	$
	3. Amortization expense	$

I-6

EXECUTION VERSION


			4. To the extent deducted in the calculation of Net Income, federal, state and local income taxes, whether paid, payable or accrued			$
			5. Non-cash expenses reflected in Net Income in an amount not to exceed $2,500,000 in any fiscal year			$
			6. Non-cash stock compensation expense
			7. Costs, fees, expenses and reserves associated with (A) any equity offerings, Investments (including Acquisitions), Transfers, recapitalization, restructurings, and the incurrence or refinancings of Indebtedness, in each case as permitted herein; provided that the amount of such costs, fees, and expenses associated with non- successful transactions added back shall not exceed $5,000,000 in any fiscal year and (B) this Agreement and the other Loan Documents (including any amendments), whether or not successful			$
			8. Costs and expenses pursuant to employee or management equity or stock plans in an amount not to exceed $2,500,000 in any fiscal year			$
			9. Extraordinary, unusual, or nonrecurring non-cash charges			$
			10. Litigations, investigations, damages, settlements, claims, and fines			$
			11. Losses on Transfers of assets outside the ordinary course of business			$
			12. Without duplication of any other pro forma adjustment to Net Income or EBITDA, the amount of “run rate” cost savings, operating expense reductions and synergies realized or expected to be realized as a result of mergers, consolidations, amalgamations and other business combinations, Acquisitions and other Investments, Transfers, divestitures, recapitalizations, restructurings, integration initiatives, insourcing initiatives, operating improvements, cost savings initiatives and other business optimization initiatives, actions or events (including, for the avoidance of doubt, any of the foregoing occurring prior to the Effective Date); provided that (A) such cost savings, operating expense reduction and synergies are reasonably identifiable, factually supportable and have been realized or are projected by Lead Borrower in good faith to be realized from such actions, and (B) actions resulting in such cost savings, operating expense reduction and synergies have been taken or are			$

I-7

EXECUTION VERSION


	reasonably anticipated to be taken within twelve (12) months following the end of such period, net of the amount of actual benefits realized during such period therefrom (which cost savings, operating expense reductions and synergies shall be calculated on a pro forma basis as though such cost savings, operating expense reductions or synergies had been realized on the first day of such period), and Lead Borrower shall have provided a reasonably detailed statement or schedule of such cost savings, operating expense reductions and synergies and a certification in respect of the requirements set forth in this proviso, (B) no cost savings, operating expense reductions or synergies shall be added pursuant to this addback to the extent duplicative of any expenses or charges relating to such cost savings that are otherwise added back in the calculation of EBITDA for such period and (C) the aggregate amounts added back pursuant to clauses 10 and 12 shall not exceed twenty percent (20.0%) of EBITDA (calculated prior to giving effect to such addbacks) in the aggregate for any four consecutive fiscal quarter periods
	13. Other add-backs to EBITDA approved by Bank on a case-by-case basis (such approval in its sole discretion)	$
	14. The sum of lines 1 through 13	$
	15. To the extent increasing Net Income, gains on Transfers of assets outside the ordinary course of business	$
C.	EBITDA (line A plus line B.14 minus line B.15)	$
D.	Portion of taxes actually paid in cash during such period
E.	Consolidated capital expenditures (excluding the principal amount funded with Advances or other Permitted Indebtedness incurred in connection with such expenditures)	$
F.	Capitalized software expenses	$

I-8

EXECUTION VERSION


G.	Restricted Payments made during such period	$

H.	Line C minus line D minus line E minus line F minus line G	$
I.	Interest Expense for such period	$
J.	Scheduled payments made during such period on account of principal of Indebtedness of Borrower and its consolidated Subsidiaries	$
K.	Capital lease payments made during such period by Borrower	$
L.	Line I plus line J plus line K	$
M.	Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (line C divided by line L)

Is line M equal to or greater than 1.00:1.00?

No, not in compliance Yes, in compliance

I-9

EXECUTION VERSION

EXHIBIT B

FORM OF NOTICE OF BORROWING

OUTBRAIN INC., ZEMANTA HOLDING USA INC. and ZEMANTA INC.

Date:

To: Silicon Valley Bank, a division of First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company 3003 Tasman Drive

Santa Clara, CA 95054

Attention: IMX ProductionCorporate Services Department Email: imxproduction@svb.com; dwong@svb.com

RE: Second Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement dated as of November 2, 2021 (as amended, modified, supplemented or restated from time to time, the “Loan Agreement”), by and between OUTBRAIN INC., ZEMANTA HOLDING USA INC. and ZEMANTA INC. (collectively, “Borrowers”), and Silicon Valley Bank, a division of First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company (successor by purchase to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation as receiver for Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, N.A. (as successor to Silicon Valley Bank) (the “Bank”)

Ladies and Gentlemen:

The undersigned refers to the Loan Agreement, the terms defined therein and used herein as so defined, and hereby gives you notice irrevocably, pursuant to Section 1.8(a)9 of the Loan Agreement, of the borrowing of an Advance.

1.The Funding Date, which shall be a Business Day, of the requested borrowingAdvance is

2.The Currency of the requested borrowing is U.S. Dollars.

3.2. The aggregate amount of the requested Advance is $ .

4.3. The requested Advance shall consist of $ of Prime Rate Advances and [$] $ of LIBORSOFR Advances, bearing interest at Adjusted Term SOFR.

5.4.[The duration of the Interest Period for the LIBORSOFR Advances bearing interest at Adjusted Term SOFR included in the requested Advance shall be [one month][three months][six months]..]

The undersigned hereby certifies that the following statements are true on the date hereof, and will be true on the date of the proposed Advance before and after giving effect thereto, and to the application of the proceeds therefrom, as applicable:

(a)all representations and warranties of Borrower contained in the Loan Agreement are true, accurate and complete in all material respects as of the date hereof; provided, however, that such materiality qualifier shall not be applicable to any representations and warranties that already are qualified or modified by materiality in the text thereof; and provided, further that

I-10

EXECUTION VERSION

those representations and warranties expressly referring to a specific date shall be true, accurate and complete in all material respects or all respects, as applicable, as of such date;

(b)no Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, or would result from such proposed Advance; and

(c)the requested Advance will not cause the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding Advancesimmediately prior to exceed, as of the designated Funding Datemaking such Advance, the Availability Amount. is greater than or equal to the amount of such requested Advance.

LEAD BORROWER OUTBRAIN INC.

By:

Name:

Title:

For internal Bank use only


LIBORSOFR Pricing Date	LIBORTerm SOFR Reference Rate	LIBORSOFR Variance	Maturity Date
		%

I-11

EXECUTION VERSION

EXHIBIT C

FORM OF NOTICE OF CONVERSION/CONTINUATION OUTBRAIN INC., ZEMANTA HOLDING USA INC. and ZEMANTA INC.

Date:

To: Silicon Valley Bank, a division of First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company 3003 Tasman Drive

Santa Clara, CA 95054

Attention: IMX ProductionCorporate Services Department Email: imxproduction@svb.com; dwong@svb.com

Ladies and Gentlemen:

The undersigned refers to the Loan Agreement, the terms defined therein being used herein as therein defined, and hereby gives you notice irrevocably, pursuant to Section 1.92.3 of the Loan Agreement, of the [conversion] [continuation] of the [Advances] specified herein, that:

1.The date of the [conversion] [continuation] is , 20 .

2.The aggregate amount of the proposed Advances to be [converted] is

$ or [continued] is $ .

3.The Advances are to be [converted into] [continued as] [LIBORSOFR] [Prime Rate] Advances.

4.[The duration of the Interest Period for the LIBORAdvances that are SOFR Advances included in the [conversion] [continuation] shall be [one month][three months][six months]..]

The undersigned, on behalf of the BorrowersBorrower, hereby certifies that the following statements are true on the date hereof, and will be true on the date of the proposed [conversion] [continuation], before and after giving effect thereto and to the application of the proceeds therefrom:

(a)no Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, or would result from such proposed [conversion] [continuation]; and].

(b)the requested [conversion] [continuation] will not cause the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding Advances to exceed, as of the designated Funding Date, (i) the lesser of (A) the Revolving Line or (B) the Borrowing Base minus (ii) the amount of all outstanding Letters of Credit (including drawn but unreimbursed Letters of Credit and any Letter of Credit Reserve).

I-12

EXECUTION VERSION

LEAD BORROWER OUTBRAIN INC.

By:

Name:

Title:

For internal Bank use only


LIBORSOFR Pricing Date	LIBORTerm SOFR Reference Rate	LIBORSOFR Variance	Maturity Date
		%

I-13

Document

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO EXCHANGE ACT RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a)

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, David Kostman, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Outbrain Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d.Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 8, 2023


By:			/s/ David Kostman
			Name: David Kostman
			Title: Co-Chief Executive Officer
			(Principal Executive Officer)

Document

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO EXCHANGE ACT RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a)

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Yaron Galai, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Outbrain Inc.;

b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 8, 2023


By:			/s/ Yaron Galai
			Name: Yaron Galai
			Title: Co-Chief Executive Officer
			(Principal Executive Officer)

Document

Exhibit 31.3

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO EXCHANGE ACT RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a)

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Jason Kiviat, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Outbrain Inc.;

b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 8, 2023


By:			/s/ Jason Kiviat
			Name: Jason Kiviat
			Title: Chief Financial Officer
			(Principal Financial Officer)

Document

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATIONS OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350 AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, David Kostman and Yaron Galai, Co-Chief Executive Officers (Principal Executive Officers) of Outbrain Inc. (the “Company”), and Jason Kiviat, Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) of the Company, each hereby certifies that, to the best of his knowledge:

1.The Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 (the “Report”) of the Company fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2.The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: August 8, 2023


By:			/s/ David Kostman
			Name: David Kostman
			Title: Co-Chief Executive Officer
			(Principal Executive Officer)


By:			/s/ Yaron Galai
			Name: Yaron Galai
			Title: Co-Chief Executive Officer
			(Principal Executive Officer)


By:			/s/ Jason Kiviat
			Name: Jason Kiviat
			Title: Chief Financial Officer
			(Principal Financial Officer)